La posible influencia de las redes sociales

¿Es la obesidad una enfermedad contagiosa?

Reconocimiento de la existencia de redes sociales que influyen en la conducta y la salud de sus integrantes y estrategias de manejo.

Autor/a: Dres. Nicholas A. Christakis y James H. Fowler

Fuente: The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. N Eng J Med, 371. July 26. 2007

Indice
1. Referencias
2. Desarrollo


1. Chang VW, Lauderdale DS. Income disparities in body mass index and obesity in the United States, 1971-2002. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2122-8.
2. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004;291:2847-50.
3. Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998;280:1371-4.
4. Stunkard AJ, Sorensen TI, Hanis C, et al. An adoption study of human obesity. N Engl J Med 1986;314:193-8.
5. Stunkard AJ, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE. The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1483-7.
6. Newman MEJ. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 2003;45:167-256.
7. Nowak MA, Sigmund K. Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 2005;437:1291-8.
8. Bearman PS, Moody J, Stovel K. Chains of affection: the structure of adolescent romantic and sexual networks. Am J Sociol 2004;110:44-91.
9. Liljeros F, Edling CR, Nunes Amaral LA. Sexual networks: implications for the transmission of sexually transmitted infections . Microbes Infect 2003;5:189-96.
10. Watts DJ, Strogatz SH. Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature 1998;393:440-2.
11. Sobal J. The size acceptance movement and the social construction of body weight. In: Sobal J, Maurer D, eds. Weighty issues: fatness and thinness as social problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1999:231-49.
12. Chang VW, Christakis NA. Medical modeling of obesity: a transition from action to experience in a 20th century American medical textbook. Sociol Health Illness 2002;24:151-77.
13. Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, Rozzi S, Chersi F, Rizzolatti G. Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding. Science 2005;308:662-7.
14. Whigham LD, Israel BA, Atkinson RL. Adipogenic potential of multiple human  adenoviruses in vivo and in vitro in animals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:R190-R194.
15. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027-31.
16. Dawber TR. The Framingham Study: the epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
17. Feinleib M, Kannel WB, Garrison RJ, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. The Framingham Offspring Study: design and preliminary data. Prev Med 1975;4:518-25.
18. Kamada T, Kawai S. An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Information Processing Letters 1989;31:7-15.
19. Batagelj V, Mrvar A. Pajek — analysis and visualization of large networks. In: Junger M, Mutzel P, eds. Graph drawing software. Berlin: Springer, 2003:77-103.
20. Moody J, McFarland DA, Bender- deMoll S. Visualizing network dynamics. Am J Sociol 2005;110:1206-41.
21. Barabasi AL, Albert R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 1999;286:509-12.
22. Ravasz E, Barabasi AL. Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft matter Phys 2003;67:026112.
23. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Ann Rev Sociol 2001;27:415-44.
24. Sackett DL, Anderson GD, Milner R, Feinleib M, Kannel WB. Concordance for coronary risk factors among spouses. Circulation 1975;52:589-95.
25. Carrington PJ, Scott J, Wasserman S. Models and methods in social network analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
26. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 1986;73:13-22.
27. Schildcrout JS, Heagerty PJ. Regression analysis of longitudinal binary data with time-dependent environmental covariates: bias and efficiency. Biostatistics 2005;6:633-52.
28. Beck N. Time-series–cross-section data: what have we learned in the past few years? Annu Rev Polit Sci 2001;4:271-93.
29. King G, Tomz M, Wittenberg J. Making the most of statistical analyses: improving interpretation and presentation. Am J Polit Sci 2000;44:341-55.
30. Atwood LD, Heard-Costa NL, Fox CS, Jaquish CE, Cupples LA. Sex and age specific effects of chromosomal regions linked to body mass index in the Framingham Study. BMC Genet 2006;7:7.
31. Eisenberg D, Quinn BC. Estimating the effect of smoking cessation on weight gain: an instrumental variable approach. Health Serv Res 2006;41:2255-66.
32. Philipson TJ, Posner RA. The long-run growth in obesity as a function of technological change. Perspect Biol Med 2003;46:Suppl 3:S87-S107.
33. Andrews JA, Tildesley E, Hops H, Li F. The influence of peers on young adult substance use. Health Psychol 2002;21:349-57.
34. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:132-8.
35. Malchodi CS, Oncken C, Dornelas EA, Caramanica L, Gregonis E, Curry SL. The effects of peer counseling on smoking cessation and reduction. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:504-10.
36. Bruckner H, Bearman PS. After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. J Adolesc Health 2005;36:271-8.
37. Montgomery GH, Erblich J, DiLorenzo R, Bovbjerg DH. Family and friends with disease: their impact on perceived risk. Prev Med 2003;37:242-9.
38. McKnight AJ, McPherson K. Evaluation of peer intervention training for high school alcohol safety education. Accid Anal Prev 1986;18:339-47.
39. Wechsler H, Moeykens B, Davenport A, Castillo S, Hansen J. The adverse impact of heavy episodic drinkers on other college students. J Stud Alcohol 1995;56:628-34.
40. Christakis NA, Allison PD. Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. N Engl J Med 2006;354:719-30.
41. Granovetter MS. The strength of weak ties. Am J Sociol 1973;78:1360-80.
42. Christakis NA. Social networks and collateral health effects. BMJ 2004;329:184-5.


*Referencias del artículo editorial

1. Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et 1. al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 2007;316:889-94.
2. Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med 2007;357:370-9.
3. Barabási A-L. Linked. New York: Plume, 2003.
4. Barabási A-L, Oltvai ZN. Network biology: understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nat Rev Genet 2004;5:101-15.
5. Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, et al. A protein-protein  interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration. Cell 2006;125:801-14.
6. Ergün A, Lawrence CA, Kohanski MA, Brennan TA, Collins JJ. A network biology approach to prostate cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2007;3:82.
7. Goh K-I, Cusick ME, Valle D, Childs B, Vidal M,  Barabási A-L. The human disease network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:8685-90.
8. Loscalzo J, Kohan I, Barabási A-L. Human diseases classification in the postgenomic era: a complex  systems approach to human pathobiology. Mol Syst Biol (in press).
9. Colizza V, Barthelemy M, Barrat A, Valleron A-J, Vespignani A. Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: baseline case and containment interventions. PLoS Med 2007;4(1):e13.
10. Cohen R, Havlin S, Ben-Avraham D. Efficient  immunization strategies for computer networks and populations. Phys Rev Lett 2003;91:247901.