Sífilis del embarazo y sífilis congénita

Referencias

1. Obladen M. Curse on two generations: a history of congenital syphilis. Neonatology 2013; 103:274-80.

2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2021 (https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2021/default.htm).

3. Martin EG, Ansari B, Rosenberg ES, et al. Variation in patterns of racial and ethnic disparities in primary and secondary syphilis diagnosis rates among heterosexually active women by region and

age group in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49:330-7.

4. Coselli J, Rac M, Wilson D, Wang C, Sibai BM, Stafford IA. Risk factors associated with gaps in post-treatment surveillance for perinatal syphilis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226: Suppl: S673-S675.

5. Stafford IA, Coselli JO, Wilson DF, Wang CY, Sibai BM. Comparison of sexually transmitted infections and adverse perinatal outcomes in underserved pregnant patients before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5(2): e220568.

6. Qin J, Yang T, Xiao S, Tan H, Feng T, Fu H. Reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with and without syphilis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9(7): e102203.

7. Lindstrand A, Bergström S, Bugalho A, Zanconato G, Helgesson AM, Hederstedt B. Prevalence of syphilis infection in Mozambican women with second trimester miscarriage and women attending antenatal care in second trimester. Genitourin Med 1993; 69:431-3.

8. Phares CR, Liu Y, Wang Z, et al. Disease surveillance among U.S.-Bound immigrants and refugees — Electronic Disease Notification system, United States, 2014–2019. MMWR Surveill Summ 2022; 71(SS-2):1-21.

9. Wright SS, Kreisel KM, Hitt JC, Pagaoa MA, Weinstock HS, Thorpe PG. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded sexually transmitted disease programs. Sex Transm Dis 2022;49(4): e61-e63.

10. Stanford KA, Almirol E, Schneider J, Hazra A. Rising syphilis rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48(6): e81-e83.

11. National Coalition of STD Directors. COVID-19 & the state of the STD field: phase II. August 2020 (https://www.ncsddc.org/resource/covid-19-the-state-of-the-std-field-phase-ii/).

12. Stockman JK, Wood BA, Anderson KM. Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 outcomes, stressors, fear, and prevention behaviors among US women: Web-based cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(7): e26296.

13. Ogunbodede OT, Zablotska-Manos I,Lewis DA. Potential and demonstrated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexually transmissible infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:56-61.

14. Cheah IGS. Economic assessment of neonatal intensive care. Transl Pediatr 2019; 8:246-56.

15. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index (CPI) — all urban consumers, medical care services (ID CUSR0000SAM2), 2009-2017 (https://www.bls.gov/data).

16. Zou Y, Liao Y, Liu F, et al. The annual economic burden of syphilis: an estimation of direct, productivity, and intangible costs for syphilis in guangdong initiative for comprehensive control of syphilissites. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:671-7.

17. Hollier LM, Harstad TW, Sanchez PJ, Twickler DM, Wendel GD Jr. Fetal syphilis: clinical and laboratory characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:947-53.

18. Nathan L, Bohman VR, Sanchez PJ, Leos NK, Twickler DM, Wendel GD Jr. In utero infection with Treponema pallidumin early pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17:119-23.

19. Alexander JM, Sheffield JS, Sanchez PJ, Mayfield J, Wendel GD Jr. Efficacy oftreatment for syphilis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93:5-8.

20. Wendel GD Jr, Sánchez PJ, Peters MT, Harstad TW, Potter LL, Norgard MV. Identification of Treponema pallidum in amniotic fluid and fetal blood from pregnancies complicated by congenital syphilis. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78:890-5.

21. Wendel GD Jr, Sheffield JS, Hollier LM, Hill JB, Ramsey PS, Sánchez PJ. Treatment of syphilis in pregnancy and prevention of congenital syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35: Suppl 2: S200-S209.

22. Nathan L, Bawdon RE, Sidawi JE, Stettler RW, McIntire DM, Wendel GD Jr. Penicillin levels following the administration of benzathine penicillin G in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:338-42.

23. Wicher V, Wicher K. Pathogenesis of maternal-fetal syphilis revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:354-63.

24. Rac MWF, Stafford IA, Eppes CS. Congenital syphilis: a contemporary update on an ancient disease. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1703-14.

25. Michelow IC, Wendel GD Jr, Norgard MV, et al. Central nervous system infection in congenital syphilis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1792-8.

26. Thornton C, Chaisson LH, Bleasdale SC. Characteristics of pregnant women with syphilis and factors associated with congenital syphilis at a Chicago hospital. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022;9: ofac169.

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) treatment guidelines, 2021 (https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/default.htm).

28. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA 2018; 320:911-7.

29. Guidelines for perinatal care. 8th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017.

30. Trivedi S, Williams C, Torrone E, Kidd S. National trends and reported risk factors among pregnant women with syphilis in the United States, 2012–2016. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133:27-32.

31. Matthias JM, Rahman MM, Newman DR, Peterman TA. Effectiveness of prenatal screening and treatment to prevent congenital syphilis, Louisiana and Florida, 2013-2014. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44: 498-502.

32. Fukuda A, Katz AR, Park IU, et al. Congenital syphilis: a case report demonstrating missed opportunities for screening and inadequate treatment despite multiple health care encounters during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2021;48(9): e124-e125.

33. Drame FN, Urban MA, Inscho RR, et al. Best practices implementation: congenital syphilis prevention efforts in Monroe County, New York, 2018. Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49:310-2.

34. Lin JS, Eder ML, Bean SI. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018; 320:918-25.

35. Cuffe KM, Kang JDY, Dorji T, et al. Identification of US counties at elevated risk for congenital syphilis using predictive modeling and a risk scoring system. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47:290-5.

36. Kimball A, Torrone E, Miele K, et al. Missed opportunities for prevention of congenital syphilis — United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:661-5.

37. Larsen SA, Hambie EA, Pettit DE, Perryman MW, Kraus SJ. Specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility among the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test, the microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies, and the hemagglutination treponemal test for syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 14:441-5.

38. Park IU, Fakile YF, Chow JM, et al.

Performance of treponemal tests for the diagnosis of syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:913-8.

39. Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA. The modern epidemic of syphilis. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:845-54.

40. Donders GG, Desmyter J, Hooft P, Dewet GH. Apparent failure of one injection of benzathine penicillin G for syphilis during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative African women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24:94-101.

41. Desravines N, Waldron J, Venkatesh KK, Kwan M, Boggess KA. Outpatient penicillin allergy testing in pregnant women who report an allergy. Obstet Gynecol 2021; 137:56-61.

42. Wendel GD Jr, Stark BJ, Jamison RB, Molina RD, Sullivan TJ. Penicillin allergy and desensitization in serious infections during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1985;312: 1229-32.

43. Pham MN, Ho H-E, Desai M. Penicillin desensitization: treatment of syphilis in pregnancy in penicillin-allergic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118:537-41.

44. Farmer TW. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early syphilis treated with crystalline penicillin G. J Am Med Assoc 1948; 138:480-5.

45. Bowen JH, Cole HN, Driver JR, et al. Herxheimer reactions in penicillin treatment of syphilis in pregnancy. Arch Derm Syphilol 1948; 58:735-9.