Calambres nocturnos en las piernas

1. Abdulla AJ, Jones PW, Pearce VR. Leg cramps in the elderly: prevalence, drug and disease associations. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53(7):494-496.
2. Oboler SK, Prochazka AV, Meyer TJ. Leg symptoms in outpatient veterans. West J Med. 1991;155(3):256-259.
3. Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, Cho HY. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91(6):329-332.
4. Olney RK, Aminoff MJ. Weakness, myalgias, disorders of movement, and imbalance. In: Harrison TR, Braunwald E, et al., eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:120.
5. Sontag SJ, Wanner JN. The cause of leg cramps and knee pains: an hypothesis and effective treatment. Med Hypotheses. 1988;25(1):35-41.
6. Weiner IH, Weiner HL. Nocturnal leg muscle cramps. JAMA. 1980;244(20):2332-2333.
7. Schwellnus MP, Nicol J, Laubscher R, Noakes TD. Serum electrolyte concentrations and hydration status are not associated with exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in distance runners. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):488-492.
8. Sulzer NU, Schwellnus MP, Noakes TD. Serum electrolytes in Ironman triathletes with exerciseassociated muscle cramping. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(7):1081-1085.
9. Noordzij M, Boeschoten EW, Bos WJ, et al.; NECOSAD Study Group. Disturbed mineral metabolism is associated with muscle and skin complaints in a prospective cohort of dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(10):2944-2949.
10. Baskol M, Ozbakir O, Coskun R, Baskol G, Saraymen R, Yucesoy M. The role of serum zinc and other factors on the prevalence of muscle cramps in nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6):524-529.
11. Clinical pharmacology. Elsevier gold standard. http://www.clinicalpharmacology.com (password required). Accessed June 23, 2011.
12. Garrison SR, Dormuth CR, Morrow RL, Carney GA, Khan KM. Nocturnal leg cramps and prescription use that precedes them: a sequence symmetry analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(2):120-126.
13. Matsumoto M, Watanabe K, Tsuji T, et al. Nocturnal leg cramps: a common complaint in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(5):E189-E194.
14. Steiner I, Siegal T. Muscle cramps in cancer patients. Cancer. 1989;63(3):574-577.
15. Jansen PH, Lecluse RG, Verbeek AL. Past and current understanding of the pathophysiology of muscle cramps: why treatment of varicose veins does not relieve leg cramps. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1999;12(3):222-229.
16. Young G, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD000121.
17. Hening WA, Allen RP, Washburn M, Lesage SR, Earley CJ. The four diagnostic criteria for restless legs syndrome are unable to exclude confounding conditions (“mimics”). Sleep Med. 2009;10(9):976-981.
18. Phillips PS, Haas RH, Bannykh S, et al.; Scripps Mercy Clinical Research Center. Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(7):581-585.
19. Coppin RJ, Wicke DM, Little PS. Managing nocturnal leg cramps—calf-stretching exercises and cessation of quinine treatment: a factorial randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55(512):186-191.
20. Daniell HW. Simple cure for nocturnal leg cramps. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(4):216.
21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Qualaquin (quinine sulfate): new risk evaluation and mitigation strategy—risk of serious hematological reactions. http:// www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm218424. htm. Accessed August 3, 2011.
22. Katzberg HD, Khan AH, So YT. Assessment: symptomatic treatment for muscle cramps (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74(8):691-696.
23. Serrao M, Rossi P, Cardinali P, Valente G, Parisi L, Pierelli F. Gabapentin treatment for muscle cramps: an openlabel trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23(1):45-49.
24. Guay DR. Are there alternatives to the use of quinine to treat nocturnal leg cramps? Consult Pharm. 2008;23(2):141-156.
25. Roffe C, Sills S, Crome P, Jones P. Randomised, crossover, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(5):CR326-CR330.
26. Garrison SR, Birmingham CL, Koehler BE, McCollom RA, Khan KM. The effect of magnesium infusion on rest cramps: randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(6):661-666.