¿Qué es la precordialgia no cardíaca y cómo se trata?

Referencias Bibliográficas:

1 Fass R, Achem SR. Noncardiac chest pain: epidemiology, natural course and pathogenesis. J Neurgastroenterol Motil 2011;17:110–23.

2 Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley N. Review article: the burden of illness of non-cardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1217–23.

3 Eslick GD, Jones MP, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: prevalence, risk factors, impact and consulting—a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:1115–24.

4 Lampe FC, Whincup PH, Wannamethee SG, et al. Chest pain on questionnaire and prediction of major ischaemic heart disease events in men. Eur Heart J 1998;19:63–73.

5 Locke GR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County Minnesota. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1448–56.

6 Wong WM, Lam KF, Cheng C, et al. Population based study of noncardiac chest pain in southern Chinese: prevalence, psychosocial factors and health care ultilization. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:707–12.

7 Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Haffner SM, et al. High prevalence of angina pectoris in Mexican-American men. A population with reduced risk of myocardial infarction. Ann Epidemiol 1991;1:415–26.

8 Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, et al. Prevalence of angina in women versus men. A systematic review and meta-analysis of international variations across 31 countries. Circulation 2008;117:1526–36.

9 Klinkman MS, Stevens D, Gorenflo DW. Episodes of care for chest pain. J Fam Practice 1994;38:345–52.

10 Debney MT, Fox KF. Rapid access cardiology—a nine year review. QJM 2012;105:2314–17.

11 Sekhri N, Feder GS, Junghans C, et al. How effective are rapid access chest pain clinics? Prognosis of incident angina and non-cardiac chest pain in 8762 consecutive patients. Heart 2007;93:458–63.

12 Blatchford O, Capewell S. Emergency medical admissions in Glasgow: general practices vary despite adjustments for age, sex and deprivation. Br J Gen Prac 1999;49:551–4.

13 Stallone F, Twerenbold R, Wildi K, et al. Prevalence, characteristics and outcome of non-cardiac chest pain and elevated copeptin levels. Heart 2014;100:1708–14.

14 Patel MR, Peterson ED, Dai D, et al. Low diagnostic yield of elective coronary angiography. N Engl J Med 2010;362:886–95.

15 Chambers JB, Marks E, Knisley L, et al. Non-cardiac chest pain: time to extend the rapid access chest pain clinic? Int J Clin Pract 2013;67:303–6.

16 Marks E, Chambers J, Russell V, et al. Rapid access chest pain clinic: distress and disability. QJM 2014;107:429–34.

17 Fagring AJ, Lappas G, Kjellgren KI, et al. Twenty-year trends in incidence and 1-year mortality in Swedish patients hospitalized with non-AMI chest pain. Data from 1987–2006 from the Swedish hospital and death registries. Heart 2010;96: 1043–9.

18 Eslick GD, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: predictors of health care seeking, the types of health care professional consulted, work absenteeism and interruption of daily activities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:909–15.

19 Christoph M, Christoph A, Dannemmann S, et al. Mental symptoms in patients with cardiac symptoms and normal coronary arteries. Open Heart 2014;1:e000093.

20 Chambers JB, Marks EM, Russell V, et al. A multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial treatment for non-cardiac chest pain. Int J Clin Pract Published Online First: 31 Oct 2014; doi:10.1111/ijcp.12533

21 Clare A, Andiappan M, MacNeil S, et al. Can a pain management programme approach reduce healthcare use? Stopping the revolving door. Br J Pain 2013;7:124–9.

22 Kline J, Stubblefiled W. Clinician gestalt estimate of pretest probability for acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary embolism in patients with chest pain and dyspnea. Ann Emerg Med 2014;63:275–80.

23 Chambers J, Bass C. Chest pain with normal coronary anatomy: a review of natural history and possible etiologic factors. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1990;33:161–84.

24 Robertson N, Javed N, Samani NJ, et al. Psychological morbidity and illness appraisals of patients with cardiac and non-cardiac chest pain attending a rapid access chest pain clinic: a longitudinal cohort study. Heart 2008;94:e12.

25 Gjeilo KH, Klepstad P, Wahba A, et al. Chronic pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scan 2010;54:70–8.

26 Bruce J, Drury N, Poobalan AS, et al. The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study. Pain 2003;104:265–73.

27 Da Costa JM. On irritable heart: a clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. Am J Med Sci 1871;61:17–52.

28 McKenzie J. The soldier’s heart. BMJ 1916;i:117–19.

29 Lewis T. The soldiers heart and the effort syndrome. New York: Paul B Hoeber, 1919:1–103.

30 Oglesby P. Da Costa’s syndrome or neurocirculatory asthenia. Br Heart J 1987;58:306–15.

31 Wood P. Da Costa’s syndrome (or effort syndrome). BMJ 1941;i:767–72, 805–11, 845–51.

32 Jeresaty RM. Mitral valv eprolpase. New York: Raven press, 1979.

33 Barlow JB, Pocock WA. The mitral valve prolapse enigma-two decades later. Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease 1984;53:13–17.

34 Leatham A, Brigden W. Mild mitral regurgitation and the mitral prolapsed fiasco. Am Heart J 1980;99:659–64.

35 Kemp HG, Vokonas PS, Cohn PF, et al. The angina syndrome associated with normal coronary arteriograms. Report of a six year experience. Am J Med 1973;54:735–42.

36 Klimusina J, Porretta AP, Segatto JM, et al. Cardiac X syndrome: an overview of the literature and the local experience in Southern Switzerland. Cardiovasc Med 2013;16:20–8.

37 Panting JR, Gatehouse PD, Yang GZ, et al. Abnormal subendoacrdial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1948–53.

38 Karamitsos TD, Arnold JR, Pegg TJ, et al. Patients with syndrome X have normal transmural myocardial perfusion and oxygenation: a 3-T cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:194–200.

39 Rosen SD. The pathophysiology of cardiac syndrome X—a tale of paradigm shifts. Cardiovasc Res 2001;52:174–7.

40 Parsyan A, Pilote L. Cardiac syndrome X: mystery continues. Can J Cardiol 2012;28:S30S6.

41 Rosen SD. Hearts and minds: psychological factors and the chest pain of cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1672–4.

42 Asbury EA, Creed F, Collins P. Distinct psychosocial differences between women with coronary heart disease and cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1695–701.

43 Wong WM, Beeler J, Risner-Adler S, et al. Attitudes and referral patterns of primary care physicians when evaluating subjects with noncardiac chest pain—a national survey. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:656–61.

44 Tenkorang JN, Fox KF, Collier TJ, et al. A rapid access cardiology service for chest pain, heart failure and arrhythmias accurately diagnoses cardiac disease and identifies patients at high risk: a prospective cohort study. Heart 2006;92:1084–90.

45 Glombiewski JA, Rief W, Bosner S, et al. The course of nonspecific chest pain in primary care. Symptom persistence and health care usage. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:251–5.

46 Richter JE, Barish CF, Castell DO. Abnormal sensory perception in patients with esophageal chest pain. Gastroenterology 1986;91:845–52.

47 Farmer A, Azia Q. Gut pain and visceral hypersensitivity. British Journal of Pain 2013;7:39–47.