El enigma de la prediabetes

1. American Diabetes Association (2003) Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26(suppl_1):s33–s50. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S33

2. Yudkin JS, Montori VM (2014) The epidemic of pre-diabetes: the medicine and the politics. BMJ (Online) 349:g4485. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4485

3. Cefalu WT (2016) “Prediabetes”: Are there problems with this label? No, we need heightened awareness of this condition! Diabetes Care 39(8):1472–1477. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1143

4. Piller C (2019) Dubious diagnosis. Science (1979) 363(6431):1026–1031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.363.6431.1026

5. Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, Barbaresko J, Lang A (2021) Prediabetes and risk of mortality, diabetes-related complications and comorbidities: umbrella review ofmeta-analyses of prospective studies. Diabetologia 65(2):275–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05592-36. Kirthi V, Perumbalath A, Brown E et al (2021) Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in pre-diabetes: a systematic review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 9(1):e002040. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-0020407. Hostalek U (2019) Global epidemiology of prediabetes – present and future perspectives. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 5(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0080-0

8. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2017) Development and validation of QDiabetes-2018 risk prediction algorithm to estimate future risk of type 2 diabetes: cohort study. BMJ 359:j5019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5019

9. Schwartz SS, Rachfal AW, Corkey BE (2022) The time is now for new, lower diabetes diagnostic thresholds. Trends Endocrinol Metab 33(1):4–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.10.007

10. Barry E, Roberts S, Oke J, Vijayaraghavan S, Normansell R, Greenhalgh T (2017) Efficacy and effectiveness of screen and treat policies in prevention of type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of screening tests and interventions. BMJ (Online) 356:i6538. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6538

11. Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova D et al (2005) Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men. N Engl J Med 353(14):1454–1462. ttps://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050080

12. National Diabetes Data Group (1979) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 28(12):1039–1057. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.28.12.1039

13. Tramunt B, Smati S, Grandgeorge N et al (2020) Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility. Diabetologia 63(3):453–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-05040-3

14. Charles MA, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Eschwege E (1991) Risk factors for NIDDM in white population: Paris prospective study. Diabetes 40(7):796–799. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.7.796

15. World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. 2006. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43588. Accessed 22 December 2022

16. Genuth S, Alberti KGMM, Bennett P et al (2003) Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26(11):3160–3167. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160

17. Borch-Johnsen K, Colagiuri S, Balkau B et al (2004) Creating a pandemic of prediabetes: the proposed new diagnostic criteria for impaired fasting glycaemia. Diabetologia 47(8):1396–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1468-6

18. Nathan DM, Balkau B, Bonora E et al (2009) International expert committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(7):1327–1334. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-9033

19. American Diabetes Association (2010) Standards ofmedical care in diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care 33(Suppl 1):S11–S61. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-S011

20. Campbell L, Pepper T, Shipman K (2019) HbA1c: a review of nonglycaemic variables. J Clin Pathol 72(1):12–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204755

21. Bruhn L, Vistisen D, Vainø CTR, Perreault L, Færch K (2020) Physiological factors contributing to HbA1c in the normal and pre-diabetic range: a cross-sectional analysis. Endocrine 68(2):306–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02234-3

22. Dubowitz N, XueW, Long Q et al (2014) Aging is associated with increased HbA1c levels, independently of glucose levels and insulin resistance, and also with decreased HbA1c diagnostic specificity. Diabet Med 31(8):927–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12459

23. Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB (2018) Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(2):88–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151

24. James C, Bullard KM, Rolka DB et al (2011) Implications of alternative definitions of prediabetes for prevalence in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 34(2):387–391. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1314

25. Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC (2015) Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA 314(10):1021–1029. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.10029

26. Xu Y,Wang L, He J et al (2013) Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA 310(9):948–958. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.168118