Informe científico de la American Heart Association | 05 JUL 21

Obesidad y enfermedad cardiovascular

El tejido adiposo intravisceral es un claro peligro para la salud
Autor/a: Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley, Paul Poirier, Lora E. Burke, Jean-Pierre Després y otros Circulation. 2021;143:0000.
INDICE:  1. Texto principal | 2. Referencias bibliográficas (1-150) | 3. Referencias bibliográficas (151-312)
Referencias bibliográficas (151-312)

151.    Hu SJ, Liu SX, Katus HA, Luedde M. The value of contrast dobuta- mine stress echocardiography on detecting coronary artery disease in overweight and obese patients. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23:885–889. doi: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70844-9
152.    Shah BN, Senior R. Stress echocardiography in patients with morbid obe- sity. Echo Res Pract. 2016;3:R13–R18. doi: 10.1530/ERP-16-0010
153.    Lerakis S, Kalogeropoulos AP, El-Chami MF, Georgiopoulou VV, Abraham A, Lynch SA, Lewis AJ, Leach GC, Osier EJ, Veledar E, et al. Transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients under- going bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1475–1481. doi: 10.1007/ s11695-008-9425-y
154.    Mulvagh SL, DeMaria AN, Feinstein SB, Burns PN, Kaul S, Miller JG, Monaghan M, Porter TR, Shaw LJ, Villanueva FS. Contrast echocar- diography: current and future applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13:331–342. doi: 10.1067/mje.2000.105462
155.    Medical Advisory Secretariat. Stress echocardiography with contrast for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2010;10:1–59.
156.    Madu EC. Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia in morbidly obese subjects. Chest. 2000;117:657–661. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.3.657
157.    Legault S, Sénéchal M, Bergeron S, Arsenault M, Tessier M, Guimond J, Poirier P. Usefulness of an accelerated transoesophageal stress echo- cardiography in the preoperative evaluation of high risk severely obese subjects awaiting bariatric surgery. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2010;8:30. doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-8-30
158.    Shah RV, Heydari B, Coelho-Filho O, Abbasi SA, Feng JH, Neilan TG, Francis S, Blankstein R, Steigner M, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. Vasodilator stress perfusion CMR imaging is feasible and prognostic in obese patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:462–472. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.11.011
159.    Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM, Lauer MS, Post WS, Raggi P, Redberg RF, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scor- ing by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). Circulation. 2007;115:402–426. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181425
160.    Chang Y, Kim BK, Yun KE, Cho J, Zhang Y, Rampal S, Zhao D, Jung HS, Choi Y, Ahn J, et al. Metabolically-healthy obesity and coro- nary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2679–2686. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.042
161.    Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Detrano R, Shea S, Lima JA, Cushman M, Bild DE, Burke GL. Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2007;115:2722–2730. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.674143
162.    See R, Abdullah SM, McGuire DK, Khera A, Patel MJ, Lindsey JB, Grundy SM, de Lemos JA. The association of differing measures of overweight and obesity with prevalent atherosclerosis: the Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:752–759. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.066
163.    Park J, Lee ES, Lee DY, Kim J, Park SE, Park CY, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Rhee EJ. Waist circumference as a marker of obesity is more predictive of coronary artery calcification than body mass index in ap- parently healthy Korean adults: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016;31:559–566. doi: 10.3803/EnM. 2016.31.4.559
164.    Labounty TM, Gomez MJ, Achenbach S, Al-Mallah M, Berman DS, Budoff MJ, Cademartiri F, Callister TQ, Chang HJ, Cheng V, et al. Body mass index and the prevalence, severity, and risk of coronary artery dis- ease: an international multicentre study of 13 874 patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14:456–463. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jes179
165.    Imai A, Komatsu S, Ohara T, Kamata T, Yoshida J, Miyaji K, Takewa M, Kodama K. Visceral abdominal fat accumulation predicts the progression of noncalcified coronary plaque. Atherosclerosis. 2012;222:524–529. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.018
166.    Husmann L, Leschka S, Boehm T, Desbiolles L, Schepis T, Koepfli P, Gaemperli O, Marincek B, Kaufmann P, Alkadhi H. Influence of body mass index on coronary artery opacification in 64-slice CT angiography [in German]. Rofo. 2006;178:1007–1013. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-926871
167.    Hibbert B, Simard T, Wilson KR, Hawken S, Wells GA, Ramirez FD, Le May MR, So DY, Glover CA, Froeschl M, et al. Transradial versus transfemoral artery approach for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary in- tervention in the extremely obese. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:819– 826. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.04.009
168.    McNulty PH, Ettinger SM, Field JM, Gilchrist IC, Kozak M, Chambers CE, Gascho JA. Cardiac catheterization in morbidly obese patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002;56:174–177. doi: 10.1002/ccd.10186
169.    Wong P, Harding S, Walters D, Hull ML, Jang IK. Vascular complications after hemostatic puncture closure device (Angio-Seal) are not higher in overweight patients. J Invasive Cardiol. 2001;13:623–625.
170.    Plourde G, Pancholy SB, Nolan J, Jolly S, Rao SV, Amhed I, Bangalore S, Patel T, Dahm JB, Bertrand OF. Radiation exposure in relation to the arterial access site used for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015;386:2192–2203. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(15)00305-0
171.    Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, Kondo T, Kawai H, Nagahara Y, Harigaya H, Kan S, Anno H, Takahashi H, et al. Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:337–346. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.069
172.    Ohashi N, Yamamoto H, Horiguchi J, Kitagawa T, Kunita E, Utsunomiya H, Oka T, Kohno N, Kihara Y. Association between visceral adipose tissue area and coronary plaque morphology assessed by CT angiog- raphy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:908–917. doi: 10.1016/j. jcmg.2010.06.014
173.    Khan SS, Ning H, Wilkins JT, Allen N, Carnethon M, Berry JD, Sweis RN, Lloyd-Jones DM. Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:280–287. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022
174.    Lavie CJ, Laddu D, Arena R, Ortega FB, Alpert MA, Kushner RF. Reprint of: healthy weight and obesity prevention: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(Pt B):3027–3052. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.024
175.    Elagizi A, Kachur S, Lavie CJ, Carbone S, Pandey A, Ortega FB, Milani RV. An overview and update on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61:142–150. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.003
176.    Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Clark AL. Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61:151–156. doi: 10.1016/j. pcad.2018.05.005
177.    Bassi N, Karagodin I, Wang S, Vassallo P, Priyanath A, Massaro E, Stone NJ. Lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2014;127:1242.e1–1242.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.06.035
178.    Lien LF, Brown AJ, Ard JD, Loria C, Erlinger TP, Feldstein AC, Lin PH, Champagne CM, King AC, McGuire HL, et al. Effects of PREMIER lifestyle modifications on participants with and without the meta- bolic syndrome. Hypertension. 2007;50:609–616. doi: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089458
179.    Wing R, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabe- tes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145–154.
180.    Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, Hudson J, Stewart F, Robertson C, Sharma P, Fraser C, MacLennan G. Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and can- cer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017;359:j4849. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4849
181.    Sierra-Johnson J, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Lopez-Jimenez F, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG. Prognostic importance of weight loss in patients with coronary heart disease regardless of initial body mass index. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15:336–340. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f48348
182.    Sjöström L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjöström CD, Karason K, Wedel H, Ahlin S, Anveden Å, Bengtsson C, Bergmark G, et al. Bariatric sur- gery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2012;307:56–65. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914
183.    Batsis JA, Sarr MG, Collazo-Clavell ML, Thomas RJ, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Lopez-Jimenez F. Cardiovascular risk after bariatric sur- gery for obesity. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:930–937. doi: 10.1016/j. amjcard.2008.05.040
184.    Cornier MA, Després JP, Davis N, Grossniklaus DA, Klein S, Lamarche B, Lopez-Jimenez F, Rao G, St-Onge MP, Towfighi A, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition; Physical Activity and Metabolism; Council on Arteriosclerosis; Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Stroke Council. Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;124:1996–2019. doi: 10.1161/CIR. 0b013e318233bc6a
185.    Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, et al; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1279–1290. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1200303
186.    Heffron SP, Parham JS, Pendse J, Alemán JO. Treatment of obesity in mitigating metabolic risk. Circ Res. 2020;126:1646–1665. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315897
187.    Gregg EW, Jakicic JM, Lewis CE, Regensteiner JG, Pi-Sunyer X, Wing RR, Curtis JM, Yanovski SZ, Evans M, Lang W, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in over- weight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:913–921. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30162-0
188.    Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, et al; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
189.    Bohula EA, Wiviott SD, Scirica BM. Lorcaserin safety in overweight or obese patients. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1813971
190.    Nissen SE, Wolski KE, Prcela L, Wadden T, Buse JB, Bakris G, Perez A, Smith SR. Effect of naltrexone-bupropion on major adverse cardiovas- cular events in overweight and obese patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:990–1004. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.1558
191.    Fisher DP, Johnson E, Haneuse S, Arterburn D, Coleman KJ, O’Connor PJ, O’Brien R, Bogart A, Theis MK, Anau J, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. JAMA. 2018;320:1570–1582. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.14619
192.    Payvar S, Kim S, Rao SV, Krone R, Neely M, Paladugu N, Daggubati R. In- hospital outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions in extremely obese and normal-weight patients: findings from the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:692–696. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.058
193.    Joncas SX, Poirier P, Ardilouze JL, Carrier N, Fayad T, Farand P. Delayed efficient anticoagulation with heparin in patients with a weight of 110 kg and more treated for acute coronary syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1753–1758. doi: 10.1002/oby.20029
194.    Buschur ME, Smith D, Share D, Campbell W, Mattichak S, Sharma M, Gurm HS. The burgeoning epidemic of morbid obesity in patients under- going percutaneous coronary intervention: insight from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:685–691. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.004
195.    Holroyd EW, Sirker A, Kwok CS, Kontopantelis E, Ludman PF, De Belder MA, Butler R, Cotton J, Zaman A, Mamas MA; British Cardiovascular Intervention Society and National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research. The relationship of body mass index to percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes: does the obesity paradox exist in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention cohorts? Insights from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1283–1292. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.03.013
196.    Terada T, Forhan M, Norris CM, Qiu WY, Padwal R, Sharma AM, Nagendran J, Johnson JA. Differences in short- and long-term mortal- ity associated with BMI following coronary revascularization. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e005335. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.005335
197.    Lancefield T, Clark DJ, Andrianopoulos N, Brennan AL, Reid CM, Johns J, Freeman M, Charter K, Duffy SJ, Ajani AE, et al; MIG (Melbourne Interventional Group) Registry. Is there an obesity paradox after percuta- neous coronary intervention in the contemporary era? An analysis from a multicenter Australian registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:660–668. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.03.018
198.    Mehta L, Devlin W, McCullough PA, O’Neill WW, Skelding KA, Stone GW, Boura JA, Grines CL. Impact of body mass index on outcomes after percuta- neous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:906–910. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.038
199.    Park DW, Kim YH, Yun SC, Ahn JM, Lee JY, Kim WJ, Kang SJ, Lee SW, Lee CW, Park SW, et al. Association of body mass index with major cardiovascular events and with mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:146–153. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000062
200.    Ma WQ, Sun XJ, Wang Y, Han XQ, Zhu Y, Liu NF. Does body mass index truly affect mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients after coro- nary revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention or coro- nary artery bypass graft? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19:1236–1247. doi: 10.1111/obr.12713
201.    Li YH, Lin GM, Lin CL, Wang JH, Han CL. Relation of body mass in- dex to mortality among patients with percutaneous coronary inter- vention longer than 5 years follow-up: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4315–4318. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.174
202.    Unek IT, Bayraktar F, Solmaz D, Ellidokuz H, Sisman AR, Yuksel F, Yesil. S. The levels of soluble CD40 ligand and C-reactive protein in normal weight, overweight and obese people. Clin Med Res. 2010;8:89–95. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2010.889
203.    Beavers CJ, Heron P, Smyth SS, Bain JA, Macaulay TE. Obesity and an- tiplatelets: does one size fit all? Thromb Res. 2015;136:712–716. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.015
204.    Farb MG, Bigornia S, Mott M, Tanriverdi K, Morin KM, Freedman JE, Joseph L, Hess DT, Apovian CM, Vita JA, et al. Reduced adipose tis- sue inflammation represents an intermediate cardiometabolic pheno- type in obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:232–237. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2011.01.051
205.    Neergaard-Petersen S, Hvas AM, Kristensen SD, Grove EL. Platelets and antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2016;42:234–241. doi: 10.1055/s- 0036-1571308
206.    Norgard NB. Obesity and altered aspirin pharmacology. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018;57:663–672. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0611-8
207.    Bordeaux BC, Qayyum R, Yanek LR, Vaidya D, Becker LC, Faraday N, Becker DM. Effect of obesity on platelet  reactivity and response to low-dose aspirin. Prev Cardiol. 2010;13:56–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1751- 7141.2009.00058.x
208.    Tamminen M, Lassila R, Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Yki-Järvinen H. Obesity is associated with impaired platelet-inhibitory effect of acetyl- salicylic acid in nondiabetic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:907–911. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802312 
209.    Bhatt DL, Grosser T, Dong JF, Logan D, Jeske W, Angiolillo DJ, Frelinger AL 3rd, Lei L, Liang J, Moore JE, et al. Enteric coating and aspirin nonre- sponsiveness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:603–612. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.050
210.    Stohlawetz P, Folman CC, von dem Borne AE, Pernerstorfer T, Eichler HG, Panzer S, Jilma B. Effects of endotoxemia on thrombopoiesis in men. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:613–617.
211.    Guthikonda S, Alviar CL, Vaduganathan M, Arikan M, Tellez A, DeLao T, Granada JF, Dong JF, Kleiman NS, Lev EI. Role of reticulated plate- lets and platelet size heterogeneity on platelet activity after dual anti- platelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:743–749. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.031
212.    Pankert M, Quilici J, Loundou AD, Verdier V, Lambert M, Deharo P, Bonnet G, Gaborit B, Morange PE, Valéro R, et al. Impact of obesity and the metabolic syndrome on response to clopidogrel or prasugrel and bleeding risk in patients treated after coronary stenting. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:54–59. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.09.011
213.    Deharo P, Pankert M, Bonnet G, Quilici J, Bassez C, Morange P, Alessi MC, Bonnet JL, Cuisset T. Body mass index has no impact on platelet inhibition induced by ticagrelor after acute coronary syndrome, con- versely to prasugrel. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176:1200–1202. doi: 10.1016/j. ijcard.2014.07.228
214.    Prabhakar G, Haan CK, Peterson ED, Coombs LP, Cruzzavala JL, Murray GF. The risks of moderate and extreme obesity for coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes: a study from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1125–1130. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)03899-7
215.    Moulton MJ, Creswell LL, Mackey ME, Cox JL, Rosenbloom M. Obesity is not a risk factor for significant adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1996;94(suppl):II87–II92.
216.    Birkmeyer NJ, Charlesworth DC, Hernandez F, Leavitt BJ, Marrin CA, Morton JR, Olmstead EM, O’Connor GT. Obesity and risk of adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass surgery: Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Circulation. 1998;97:1689–1694. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.17.1689
217.    Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, Mullen JC, Pretorius V, Kalantar- Zadeh K. Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:442– 450. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.36
218.    Prapas SN, Panagiotopoulos IA, Salama Ayyad MA, Protogeros DA, Linardakis IN, Kotsis VN, Katinioti AA, Michalopoulos AS. Impact of obe- sity on outcome of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery by- pass grafting using aorta no-touch technique. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11:234–237. doi: 10.1510/icvts.2010.234443
219.    Wagner BD, Grunwald GK, Rumsfeld JS, Hill JO, Ho PM, Wyatt HR, Shroyer AL. Relationship of body mass index with outcomes after coro- nary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:10–16. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.017
220.    Benedetto U, Danese C, Codispoti M. Obesity paradox in coronary artery bypass grafting: myth or reality? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:1517–1523. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.05.028
221.    Virani SS, Nambi V, Lee VV, Elayda MA, Pan W, Petersen LA, Wilson JM, Willerson JT, Ballantyne CM. Obesity an independent predictor of in-hospital postoperative renal insufficiency among patients undergoing cardiac surgery? Tex Heart I J. 2009;36:540–545.
222.    Nolan HR, Davenport DL, Ramaiah C. BMI is an independent preoperative predictor of intraoperative transfusion and postoperative chest-tube out- put. Int J Angiol. 2013;22:31–36. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1333865
223.    Totaro P. Obesity and coronary surgery: new concepts for an old prob- lem. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008;6:897–903. doi: 10.1586/ 14779072.6.6.897
224.    Hernandez AV, Kaw R, Pasupuleti V, Bina P, Ioannidis JP, Bueno H, Boersma E, Gillinov M; Cardiovascular Meta-Analyses Research Group. Association between obesity and postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac operations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:1104–1116. doi: 10.1016/j. athoracsur.2013.04.029
225.    Chassé M, Mathieu P, Voisine P, Després JP, Pibarot P, Baillot R, Lellouche F, Poirier P. The underestimated belly factor: waist circumference is linked to significant morbidity following isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:327–335. doi: 10.1016/j. cjca.2015.06.031
226.    Ruka E, Dagenais F, Mohammadi S, Chauvette V, Poirier P, Voisine P. Bilateral mammary artery grafting increases postoperative mediastini- tis without survival benefit in obese patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50:1188–1195. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw164
227.    Parisian Mediastinitis Study Group. Risk factors for deep sternal wound infection after sternotomy: a prospective, multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:1200–1207.
228.    Alpert MA, Lavie CJ, Agrawal H, Aggarwal KB, Kumar SA. Obesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Transl Res. 2014;164:345–356. doi: 10.1016/j. trsl.2014.04.010
229.    Csige I, Ujvárosy D, Szabó Z, Lorincz I, Paragh G, Harangi M, SomodiS. The impact of obesity on the cardiovascular system. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:3407306. doi: 10.1155/2018/3407306
230.    Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Pislaru SV, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Evidence supporting the existence of a distinct obese phenotype of heart fail- ure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2017;136:6–19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807
231.    Kitzman DW, Lam CSP. Obese heart failure with preserved ejection frac- tion phenotype: from pariah to central player. Circulation. 2017;136:20– 23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028365
232.    Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Vasan RS. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:305–313. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa020245
233.    Hu G, Jousilahti P, Antikainen R, Katzmarzyk PT, Tuomilehto J. Joint ef- fects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio on the risk of heart failure. Circulation. 2010;121:237– 244. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887893
234.    Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, Jessup M, Kosiborod M, Pritchett AM, Ramasubbu K, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Hypertension; and Council on Quality and Outcomes Research. Contributory risk and management of comor- bidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e535–e578. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000450
235.    Loehr LR, Rosamond WD, Poole C, McNeill AM, Chang PP, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Heiss G. Association of multiple anthropometrics of over- weight and obesity with incident heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:18–24. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.813782
236.    Levitan EB, Yang AZ, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Adiposity and incidence of heart failure hospitalization and mortality: a population-based prospective study. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:202–208. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.794099
237.    Rodriguez Flores M, Aguilar Salinas C, Piché ME, Auclair A, Poirier P. Effect of bariatric surgery on heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15:567–579. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1352471
238.    Neeland IJ, Gupta S, Ayers CR, Turer AT, Rame JE, Das SR, Berry JD, Khera A, McGuire DK, Vega GL, et al. Relation of regional fat distribution to left ventricular structure and function. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:800– 807. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000532
239.    Murase T, Hattori T, Ohtake M, Abe M, Amakusa Y, Takatsu M, Murohara T, Nagata K. Cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in DahlS.Z- Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) rats: a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:186–193. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.157
240.    Pandey A, Patel KV, Vaduganathan M, Sarma S, Haykowsky MJ, Berry JD, Lavie CJ. Physical activity, fitness, and obesity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:975–982. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.09.006
241.    Pandey A, LaMonte M, Klein L, Ayers C, Psaty BM, Eaton CB, Allen NB, de Lemos JA, Carnethon M, Greenland P, et al. Relationship between physical activity, body mass index, and risk of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1129–1142. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.081
242.    Pandey A, Cornwell WK 3rd, Willis B, Neeland IJ, Gao A, Leonard D, DeFina L, Berry JD. Body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid- life and risk of heart failure hospitalization in older age: findings from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5:367–374. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.12.021
243.    Clark AL, Chyu J, Horwich TB. The obesity paradox in men versus women with systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:77–82. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.050
244.    Clark AL, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB. Waist circumference, body mass in- dex, and survival in systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox revisited. J Card Fail. 2011;17:374–380. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.01.009
245.    Tsujimoto T, Kajio H. Abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with HFpEF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2739–2749. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.1111
246.    Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Adipose composition and heart fail- ure prognosis: paradox or not? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2750–2751. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.017
247.    Futter JE, Cleland JG, Clark AL. Body mass indices and outcome in pa- tients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:207–213. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq218
248.    Doesch C, Suselbeck T, Leweling H, Fluechter S, Haghi D, Schoenberg SO, Borggrefe M, Papavassiliu T. Bioimpedance analysis parameters and epicardial adipose tissue assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imag- ing in patients with heart failure. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18:2326– 2332. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.65
249.    Martin J, Bergeron S, Pibarot P, Bastien M, Biertho L, Lescelleur O, Bertrand F, Simard S, Poirier P. Impact of bariatric surgery on N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricu- lar diastolic function. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:969–975. doi: 10.1016/j. cjca.2012.11.010
250.    Emami A, Saitoh M, Valentova M, Sandek A, Evertz R, Ebner N, Loncar G, Springer J, Doehner W, Lainscak M, et al. Comparison of sarcopenia and cachexia in men with chronic heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Co-Morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1580–1587. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1304
251.    Ventura HO, Carbone S, Lavie CJ. Muscling up to improve heart failure prognosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1588–1590. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1314
252.    Carbone S, Billingsley HE, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Kirkman DL, Garten R, Franco RL, Lee DC, Lavie CJ. Lean mass abnormalities in heart failure: the role of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and cachexia. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020;45:100417. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.03.006
253.    Pathak RK, Mahajan R, Lau DH, Sanders P. The implications of obesity for cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms and management. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:203–210. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.027
254.    Plourde B, Sarrazin JF, Nault I, Poirier P. Sudden cardiac death and obesity. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;12:1099–1110. doi: 10.1586/14779072. 2014.952283
255.    Chiuve SE, Sun Q, Sandhu RK, Tedrow U, Cook NR, Manson JE, Albert CM. Adiposity throughout adulthood and risk of sudden car- diac death in women. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;1:520–528. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.07.011
256.    Adabag S, Huxley RR, Lopez FL, Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Siscovick D, Deo R, Konety S, Alonso A, Folsom AR. Obesity related risk of sudden cardiac death in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Heart. 2015;101:215–221. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306238
257.    Aune D, Schlesinger S, Norat T, Riboli E. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:711–722. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0353-9
258.    Hookana E, Junttila MJ, Puurunen VP, Tikkanen JT, Kaikkonen KS, Kortelainen ML, Myerburg RJ, Huikuri HV. Causes of nonischemic sud- den cardiac death in the current era. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1570–1575. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.031
259.    Empana JP, Ducimetiere P, Charles MA, Jouven X. Sagittal abdominal di- ameter and risk of sudden death in asymptomatic middle-aged men: the Paris Prospective Study I. Circulation. 2004;110:2781–2785. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000146395.64065.BA
260.    Messerli FH, Nunez BD, Ventura HO, Snyder DW. Overweight and sudden death: increased ventricular ectopy in cardiopathy of obesity. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1725–1728. doi: 10.1001/archinte.147.10.1725 
261.    Fraley MA, Birchem JA, Senkottaiyan N, Alpert MA. Obesity and the electrocardiogram. Obes Rev. 2005;6:275–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 789X.2005.00199.x
262.    Pietrasik G, Goldenberg I, McNitt S, Moss AJ, Zareba W. Obesity as a risk factor for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in MADIT II patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:181–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1540- 8167.2006.00680.x
263.    Sabbag A, Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Glikson M, Biton Y, Jackson L, Polonsky B, Zareba W, Kutyifa V. Predictors and risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias or death in Black and White cardiac patients: a MADIT- CRT Trial substudy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;2:448–455. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.03.003
264.    Lalani AP, Kanna B, John J, Ferrick KJ, Huber MS, Shapiro LE. Abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) in obesity. Obes Res. 2000;8:20–28. doi: 10.1038/oby.2000.4
265.    Kasper EK, Hruban RH, Baughman KL. Cardiomyopathy of obesity: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 43 obese patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:921–924. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90739-l
266.    Duflou J, Virmani R, Rabin I, Burke A, Farb A, Smialek J. Sudden death as a result of heart disease in morbid obesity. Am Heart J. 1995;130:306– 313. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90445-x
267.    Russo C, Jin Z, Homma S, Rundek T, Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Effect of obesity and overweight on left ventricular diastolic func- tion: a community-based study in an elderly cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1368–1374. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.042
268.    Konno T, Hayashi K, Fujino N, Oka R, Nomura A, Nagata Y, Hodatsu A, Sakata K, Furusho H, Takamura M, et al. Electrocardiographic QRS fragmentation as a marker for myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic car- diomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26:1081–1087. doi: 10.1111/jce.12742
269.    Narayanan K, Zhang L, Kim C, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Zheng ZJ, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. QRS fragmentation and sud- den cardiac death in the obese and overweight. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001654. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001654
270.    Brenyo A, Pietrasik G, Barsheshet A, Huang DT, Polonsky B, McNitt S, Moss AJ, Zareba W. QRS fragmentation and the risk of sudden cardiac death in MADIT II. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:1343–1348. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02390.x
271.    Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, Morarji K, Brown TD, Ismail NA, Dweck MR, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopa- thy. JAMA. 2013;309:896–908. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.1363
272.    Littlejohns B, Pasdois P, Duggan S, Bond AR, Heesom K, Jackson CL, Angelini GD, Halestrap AP, Suleiman MS. Hearts from mice fed a non- obesogenic high-fat diet exhibit changes in their oxidative state, calcium and mitochondria in parallel with increased susceptibility to reperfusion injury. PLoS One. 2014;9:e100579. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100579
273.    Zarzoso M, Mironov S, Guerrero-Serna G, Willis BC, Pandit SV. Ventricular remodelling in rabbits with sustained high-fat diet. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2014;211:36–47. doi: 10.1111/apha.12185
274.    Wu CK, Tsai HY, Su MY, Wu YF, Hwang JJ, Tseng WY, Lin JL, Lin LY. Pericardial fat is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and mortal- ity in patients with systolic heart failure. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241:607– 614. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.025
275.    Fuller B, Garland J, Anne S, Beh R, McNevin D, Tse R. Increased epicardial fat thickness in sudden death from stable coronary artery atheroscle- rosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2017;38:162–166. doi: 10.1097/PAF. 0000000000000310
276.    Chi PC, Chang SC, Yun CH, Kuo JY, Hung CL, Hou CJ, Liu CY, Yang FS, Wu TH, Bezerra HG, et al. The associations between various ectopic visceral adiposity and body surface electrocardiographic alterations: po- tential differences between local and remote systemic effects. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0158300. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158300
277.    Cheng VY, Dey D, Tamarappoo B, Nakazato R, Gransar H, Miranda-Peats R, Ramesh A, Wong ND, Shaw LJ, Slomka PJ, et al. Pericardial fat bur- den on ECG-gated noncontrast CT in asymptomatic patients who sub- sequently experience adverse cardiovascular events. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:352–360. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.12.013
278.    Al-Mosawi AA, Nafakhi H, Hassan MB, Alareedh M, Al-Nafakh HA. ECG markers of arrythmogenic risk relationships with pericardial fat vol- ume and BMI in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. J Electrocardiol. 2018;51:569–572. doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.03.008
279.    Pouliopoulos J, Chik WW, Kanthan A, Sivagangabalan G, Barry MA, Fahmy PN, Midekin C, Lu J, Kizana E, Thomas SP, et al. Intramyocardial adiposity after myocardial infarction: new implications of a substrate for ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2013;128:2296–2308. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002238
280.    Fumagalli S, Boni N, Padeletti M, Gori F, Boncinelli L, Valoti P, Baldasseroni S, Di Bari M, Masotti G, Padeletti L, et al. Determinants of thoracic electri- cal impedance in external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:82–87. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.065
281.    Jain R, Nallamothu BK, Chan PS; for the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR) Investigators. Body mass index and survival after in-hospital cardiac ar- rest. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:490–497. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCOUTCOMES.109.912501
282.    Shahreyar M, Dang G, Waqas Bashir M, Kumar G, Hussain J, Ahmad S, Pandey B, Thakur A, Bhandari S, Thandra K, et al. Outcomes of in- hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in morbidly obese patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;3:174–183. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.08.011
283.    Wong CX, Brooks AG, Lau DH, Leong DP, Sun MT, Sullivan T, Roberts- Thomson KC, Sanders P. Factors associated with the epidemic of hospi- talizations due to atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:1496–1499. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.07.011
284.    Huxley RR, Lopez FL, Folsom AR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Maclehose R, Konety S, Alonso A. Absolute and attributable risks of atrial fibrillation in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 2011;123:1501–1508. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009035
285.    Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, Larson MG, Beiser AS, McManus DD, Newton-Cheh C, Lubitz SA, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, et al. 50 Year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2015;386:154–162. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61774-8
286.    Rosengren A, Hauptman PJ, Lappas G, Olsson L, Wilhelmsen L, Swedberg.
K. Big men and atrial fibrillation: effects of body size and weight gain on risk of atrial fibrillation in men. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1113–1120. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp076
287.    Tedrow UB, Conen D, Ridker PM, Cook NR, Koplan BA, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM. The long- and short-term impact of ele- vated body mass index on the risk of new atrial fibrillation: the WHS (Women’s Health Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2319–2327. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.029
288.    Wong CX, Sullivan T, Sun MT, Mahajan R, Pathak RK, Middeldorp M, Twomey D, Ganesan AN, Rangnekar G, Roberts-Thomson KC, et al. Obesity and the risk of incident, post-operative, and post-ablation atrial fi- brillation: a meta-analysis of 626,603 individuals in 51 studies. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;1:139–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.04.004
289.    Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Verzosa GC, Seward JB, Gersh BJ. Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: a longitudinal cohort study of 21 years. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2227–2233. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn324
290.    Abed HS, Samuel CS, Lau DH, Kelly DJ, Royce SG, Alasady M, Mahajan R, Kuklik P, Zhang Y, Brooks AG, et al. Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:90–100. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.08.043
291.    Mahajan R, Lau DH, Brooks AG, Shipp NJ, Manavis J, Wood JP, Finnie JW, Samuel CS, Royce SG, Twomey DJ, et al. Electrophysiological, electroanatomical, and structural remodeling of the atria as conse- quences of sustained obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.058
292.    Munger TM, Dong YX, Masaki M, Oh JK, Mankad SV, Borlaug BA, Asirvatham SJ, Shen WK, Lee HC, Bielinski SJ, et al. Electrophysiological and hemodynamic characteristics associated with obesity in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:851–860. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.042
293.    Mahajan R, Nelson A, Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Wong CX, Twomey DJ, Carbone A, Teo K, Agbaedeng T, Linz D, et al. Electroanatomical remod- eling of the atria in obesity: impact of adjacent epicardial fat. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4:1529–1540. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.08.014
294.    Al Chekakie MO, Welles CC, Metoyer R, Ibrahim A, Shapira AR, Cytron J, Santucci P, Wilber DJ, Akar JG. Pericardial fat is independently associated with human atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:784–788. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.071
295.    Wong CX, Abed HS, Molaee P, Nelson AJ, Brooks AG, Sharma G, Leong DP, Lau DH, Middeldorp ME, Roberts-Thomson KC, et al. Pericardial fat is associated with atrial fibrillation severity and ablation outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1745–1751. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.045
296.    Lavie CJ, Mehra MR, Ventura HO. Body composition and ad- vanced heart failure therapy: weighing the options and outcomes. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:769–771. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.07.007
297.    Lavie CJ, Cahalin LP, Chase P, Myers J, Bensimhon D, Peberdy MA, Ashley E, West E, Forman DE, Guazzi M, et al. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with heart failure. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:251–258. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.11.020
298.    McAuley PA, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Dardari ZA, Al Rifai M, Ehrman JK, Al-Mallah MH, Whelton SP, Blaha MJ. Exercise capacity and the obesity paradox in heart failure: the FIT (Henry Ford Exercise Testing) Project. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:701–708. doi: 10.1016/j. mayocp.2018.01.026
299.    Pandey A, Patel KV, Lavie CJ. Obesity, central adiposity, and fitness: understanding the obesity paradox in the context of other cardiomet- abolic parameters. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:676–678. doi: 10.1016/j. mayocp.2018.04.015
300.    Flynn KE, Piña IL, Whellan DJ, Lin L, Blumenthal JA, Ellis SJ, Fine LJ, Howlett JG, Keteyian SJ, Kitzman DW, et al; HF-ACTION Investigators. Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1451– 1459. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.457
301.    Beck-da-Silva L, Higginson L, Fraser M, Williams K, Haddad H. Effect of orlistat in obese patients with heart failure: a pilot study. Congest Heart Fail. 2005;11:118–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-5299.2005.03827.x
302.    Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, Givertz MM, Oliveira GH, Cole R, Mann DL, Whellan DJ, Kiernan MS, Felker GM, et al; NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Effects of liraglutide on clinical stability among patients with advanced heart failure and reduced ejec- tion fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316:500–508. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.10260
303.    Jorsal A, Kistorp C, Holmager P, Tougaard RS, Nielsen R, Hänselmann A, Nilsson B, Møller JE, Hjort J, Rasmussen J, et al. Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE): a multi- centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:69–77. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.657
Ghosh RK, Ghosh GC, Gupta M, Bandyopadhyay D, Akhtar T, Deedwania P, Lavie CJ, Fonarow GC, Aneja A. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 in- hibitors and heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124:1790–1796. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.038
304.    McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Belohlávek J, et al; DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in pa- tients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1995–2008. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
305.    Koshino Y, Villarraga HR, Somers VK, Miranda WR, Garza CA, Hsiao JF, Yu Y, Saleh HK, Lopez-Jimenez F. Changes in myocardial mechanics in patients with obesity following major weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1111–1118. doi: 10.1002/oby.20168
306.    Shimada YJ, Tsugawa Y, Brown DFM, Hasegawa K. Bariatric surgery and emergency department visits and hospitalizations for heart failure ex- acerbation: population-based, self-controlled series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:895–903. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.016
307.    Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:e240–e327. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776
308.    Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, Twomey D, Elliott AD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, et al. Long- term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrilla- tion cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2159–2169. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.002
309.    Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, Shirazi MG, Bahrami B, Middeldorp ME, Lorimer MF, Lau DH, Antic NA, Brooks AG, et al. Effect of weight reduc- tion and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:2050–2060. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.280521
310.    Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D, Alasady M, Hanley L, Antic NA, McEvoy RD, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:2222–2231. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.028
311.    Middeldorp ME, Pathak RK, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Elliott AD, Mahajan R, Twomey D, Gallagher C, Hendriks JML, Linz D, et al. PREVEntion and regReSsive Effect of weight-loss and risk factor modification on Atrial Fibrillation: the REVERSE-AF study. Europace. 2018;20:1929–1935. doi: 10.1093/europace/euy117
312.    Lau DH, Nattel S, Kalman JM, Sanders P. Modifiable risk factors and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2017;136:583–596. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163

 

Comentarios

Para ver los comentarios de sus colegas o para expresar su opinión debe ingresar con su cuenta de IntraMed.

CONTENIDOS RELACIONADOS
AAIP RNBD
Términos y condiciones de uso | Política de privacidad | Todos los derechos reservados | Copyright 1997-2024