Diabetes mellitus en ancianos con comorbilidades

Referencias

1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rate per 100 of civilian, noninstitutionalized population with diagnosed diabetes, by age, United States, 1980–2014. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figbyage.htm.
2 Coca SG, Ismail-Beigi F, Haq N, Krumholz HM, Parikh CR. Role of intensive glucose control in development of renal end points in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:761-9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2230 pmid:22636820.
3 Wilkinson MJ, Nathan AG, Huang ES. Personalized decision support in type 2 diabetes mellitus: current evidence and future directions. Curr Diab Rep 2013;13:205-12. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0348-6 pmid:23160795.
4 Halter JB, Musi N, McFarland Horne F, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease in older adults: current status and future directions. Diabetes 2014;63:2578-89. doi:10.2337/db14-0020 pmid:25060886.
5 Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2009;373:1765-72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60697-8 pmid:19465231.
6 Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA. California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(Suppl Guidelines):S265-80. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.51.5s.1.x pmid:12694461.
7 Moreno G, Mangione CM, Kimbro L, Vaisberg E. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Guidelines for Improving the Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: 2013 update. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:2020-6. doi:10.1111/jgs. 12514 pmid:24219204.
8 Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, et al. Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2650-64. doi:10.2337/dc12-1801 pmid:23100048 
9 Sinclair AJ, Paolisso G, Castro M, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Gadsby R, Rodriguez Mañas L. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summary. Diabetes Metab 2011;37(Suppl 3):S27-38. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(11)70962-4 pmid:22183418.
10 Selvin E, Coresh J, Brancati FL. The burden and treatment of diabetes in elderly individuals in the u.s. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2415-9. doi:10.2337/dc06-1058 pmid:17065677.
11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014.
12 Morley JE. The elderly Type 2 diabetic patient: special considerations. Diabet Med 1998;15(Suppl 4):S41-6. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(1998120)15:4+3.3.CO;2-5 pmid:9868991.
13 Laiteerapong N, Karter AJ, Liu JY, et al. Correlates of quality of life in older adults with diabetes: the diabetes & aging study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1749-53. doi:10.2337/dc10-2424 pmid:21636795.
14 Amati F, Dubé JJ, Coen PM, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FG, Goodpaster BH. Physical inactivity and obesity underlie the insulin resistance of aging. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1547-9. doi:10.2337/dc09-0267 pmid:19401446.
15 Huang ES, Basu A, O’Grady M, Capretta JC. Projecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2225-9. doi:10.2337/dc09-0459 pmid:19940225.
16 International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 7th ed. International Diabetes Federation, 2015.
17 Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:255-63. doi:10.1093/gerona/59.3.M255 pmid:15031310.
18 Druss BG, Marcus SC, Olfson M, Tanielian T, Elinson L, Pincus HA. Comparing the national economic burden of five chronic conditions. Health Aff (Millwood) 2001;20:233-41.doi:10.1377/hlthaff.20.6.233 pmid:11816664.
19 Lee PG, Cigolle C, Blaum C. The co-occurrence of chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes: the health and retirement study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:511-6. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02150.x pmid:19187416.
20 Schneider KM, O’Donnell BE, Dean D. Prevalence of multiple chronic conditions in the United States’ Medicare population. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009;7:82. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-82 pmid:19737412.
21 Wolff JL, Starfield B, Anderson G. Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2269-76. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.20.2269 pmid:12418941.
22 Vincent GK, Velkoff VA. The next four decades, the older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. US Census Bureau, 2010.
23 Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S, et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation 2009;119:1728-35. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.829176 pmid:19307472.
24 Xu J, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: final data for 2007. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2010;58(19):1-19.pmid:15505011.
25 Tierney EF, Cadwell BL, Engelgau MM, et al. Declining mortality rate among people with diabetes in North Dakota, 1997-2002. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2723-5. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2723 pmid:15505011.
26 Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity amon g US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010;303:235-41. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2014 pmid:20071471.
27 Boyd CM, Darer J, Boult C, Fried LP, Boult L, Wu AW. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. JAMA 2005;294:716-24. doi:10.1001/jama.294.6.716 pmid:16091574.
28 Laiteerapong N, Iveniuk J, John PM, Laumann EO, Huang ES. Classification of older adults who have diabetes by comorbid conditions, United States, 2005-2006. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:E100.pmid:22595321.
29 Blaum C, Cigolle CT, Boyd C, et al. Clinical complexity in middle-aged and older adults with diabetes: the Health and Retirement Study. Med Care 2010;48:327-34. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181ca4035 pmid:20355264.
30 Cigolle CT, Kabeto MU, Lee PG, Blaum CS. Clinical complexity and mortality in middle-aged and older adults with diabetes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;67:1313-20. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls095 pmid:22492022.
31 Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-83. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 pmid:3558716.
32 Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:613-9. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92) 90133-8 pmid:1607900.
33 Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR, Coffey RM. Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care 1998;36:8-27. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00004 pmid:9431328.
34 Litwin MS, Greenfield S, Elkin EP, Lubeck DP, Broering JM, Kaplan SH. Assessment of prognosis with the total illness burden index for prostate cancer: aiding clinicians in treatment choice. Cancer 2007;109:1777-83. doi:10.1002/cncr.22615 pmid:17354226.
35 Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. JAMA 2006;295:801-8.doi:10.1001/jama.295.
7.801 pmid:16478903.
36 Yourman LC, Lee SJ, Schonberg MA, Widera EW, Smith AK. Prognostic indices for older adults: a systematic review. JAMA 2012;307:182-92.doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1966 pmid:22235089.
37 Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M146-56. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146 pmid:11253156.
38 Saunders C, Byrne CD, Guthrie B, et al. Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group. External validity of randomized controlled trials of glycaemic control and vascular disease: how representative are participants?Diabet Med 2013;30:300-8. doi:10.1111/dme.12047 pmid:23075287.
39 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6 pmid:9742976.
40 Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-89. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806470 pmid:18784090.
41 Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 pmid:18539917.
42 Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987 pmid:18539916.
43 Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al. ADVANCE-ON Collaborative Group. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1392-406. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1407963 pmid:25234206.
44 Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:129-39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808431 pmid:19092145.
45 Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Wiitala WL, et al. VADT Investigators. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2197-206.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414266 pmid:26039600.
46 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.doi:10.1016/S0140-
6736(98)07019-6 pmid:9742976.
47 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854-65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8 pmid:9742977.
48 Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al. ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2011;364:818-28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1006524 pmid:21366473.
49 Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, et al. ACCORD Investigators. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD Trial. Diabetes Care 2014;37:634-43. doi:10.2337/dc13-1545 pmid:24170759.
50 Moritz T, Duckworth W, Abraira C. Veterans Affairs diabetes trial--corrections. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1024-5. doi:10.1056/NEJMc096250 pmid:19726779.
51 Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:580-91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706245 pmid:18256393.
52 Araki A, Iimuro S, Sakurai T, et al. Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial Study Group. Long-term multiple risk factor interventions in Japanese elderly diabetic patients: the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial--study design, baseline characteristics and effects of intervention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012;12(Suppl 1):7-17. doi:10.1111/j.1447-
0594.2011.00808.x pmid:22435936.
53 Rutter CM, Zaslavsky AM, Feuer EJ. Dynamic microsimulation models for health outcomes: a review. Med Decis Making 2011;31:10-8. doi:10.1177/0272989X10369005 pmid: 20484091.
54 Clarke PM, Gray AM, Briggs A, et al. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKDPS) Group. A model to estimate the lifetime health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Outcomes Model (UKPDS no. 68). Diabetologia 2004;47:1747-59. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1527-z pmid:15517152.
55 CDC Diabetes Cost-effectiveness Group. Cost-effectiveness of intensive glycemic control, intensified hypertension control, and serum cholesterol level reduction for type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2002;287:2542-51. doi:10.1001/jama.287.19.2542 pmid:12020335.
56 Schlessinger L, Eddy DM. Archimedes: a new model for simulating health care systems--the mathematical formulation. J Biomed Inform 2002;35:37-50. doi:10.1016/S1532-0464(02)00006-0 pmid:12415725.
57 Zhou H, Isaman DJ, Messinger S, et al. A computer simulation model of diabetes progression, quality of life, and cost. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2856-63. doi:10.2337/diacare. 28.12.2856 pmid:16306545.
58 Huang ES, Zhang Q, Gandra N, Chin MH, Meltzer DO. The effect of comorbid illness and functional status on the expected benefits of intensive glucose control in older patients with type 2 diabetes: a decision analysis. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:11-9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-1-200807010-00005 pmid:18591633.
59 Greenfield S, Billimek J, Pellegrini F, et al. Comorbidity affects the relationship between glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:854-60. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-12-200912150-00005 pmid:20008761.
60 Working Group on Health Outcomes for Older Persons with Multiple Chronic Conditions. Universal health outcome measures for older persons with multiple  chronic conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:2333-41. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04240.x pmid:23194184. 61 Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Fujiyoshi A, et al. Patient-important outcomes in registered diabetes trials. JAMA 2008;299:2543-9. doi:10.1001/jama.299.21.2543 pmid:18523223.
62 Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:64-74. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2 pmid:16361024.
63 Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1384-95. doi:10.2337/dc12-2480 pmid:23589542.
64 Tseng CL, Soroka O, Maney M, Aron DC, Pogach LM. Assessing potential glycemic overtreatment in persons at hypoglycemic risk. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:259-68. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12963 pmid:24322626.
65 Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Liu JY, John PM, Moffet HH, Karter AJ. Rates of complications and mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus: the diabetes and aging study. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:251-8. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12956 pmid:24322595.
66 Huang ES, Shook M, Jin L, Chin MH, Meltzer DO. The impact of patient preferences on the cost-effectiveness of intensive glucose control in older patients with new-onset diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:259-64. doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1443 pmid:16443870.
67 Vijan S, Sussman JB, Yudkin JS, Hayward RA. Effect of patients’ risks and preferences on health gains with plasma glucose level lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1227-34. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2894 pmid:24979148.
68 Moreno G, Mangione CM. Management of cardiovascular disease risk factors in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: 2002-2012 literature review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:2027-37. doi:10.1111/jgs.12513 pmid:24219205.
69 US Department of Veterans Affairs. VA/DOD clinical practice guidelines: management of diabetes mellitus in primary care (2010), 2010. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/diabetes/.
70 Sinclair AJ, Paolisso G, Castro M, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Gadsby R, Rodriguez Mañas L. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summary. Diabetes Metab 2011;37(Suppl 3):S27-38. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(11)70962-4 pmid:22183418.
71 American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014[Is there an author for this?]. Diabetes Care 2014;37(Suppl 1):S14-80. doi:10.2337/dc14-S014 pmid: 24357209.
72 Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Miao Y, Shah ND, Lee SJ, Steinman MA. Potential overtreatment of diabetes mellitus in older adults with tight glycemic control. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:356-62. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7345 pmid:25581565.
73 Thorpe CT, Gellad WF, Good CB, et al. Tight glycemic control and use of hypoglycemic medications in older veterans with type 2 diabetes and comorbid dementia. Diabetes Care 2015;38:588-95.pmid:25592195.
74 Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Miao Y, Shah ND, Lee SJ, Steinman MA. Potential overtreatment of diabetes mellitus in older adults with tight glycemic control. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:356-62. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7345 pmid:25581565.
75 Naik AD, Palmer N, Petersen NJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of goal setting in diabetes mellitus group clinics: randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:453-9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.70 pmid:21403042.
76 Munshi MN, Segal AR, Suhl E, et al. Assessment of barriers to improve diabetes management in older adults: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:543-9. doi:10.2337/dc12-1303 pmid:23193208.
77 Christakis NA. Death foretold: prophecy and prognosis in medical care. University of Chicago, 1999.
78 Silveira MJ, Wiitala W, Piette J. Advance directive completion by elderly Americans: a decade of change. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:706-10. doi:10.1111/jgs.12736 pmid:24697553.
79 Mullan RJ, Montori VM, Shah ND, et al. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1560-8. doi:10.1001/archinternmed. 2009.293 pmid:19786674.
80 Corser W, Holmes-Rovner M, Lein C, Gossain V. A shared decision-making primary care intervention for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2007;33:700-8. doi:10.1177/0145721707304086 pmid:17684171.
81 Weymiller AJ, Montori VM, Jones LA, et al. Helping patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus make treatment decisions: statin choice randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1076-82. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.10.1076 pmid:17533211.
82 Huang ES, Nathan AG, Cooper J, et al. A pilot RCT of personalized decision support for older patients with diabetes. Diabetes 2013;62(suppl 1):336.pmid:23349538.
83 Denig P, Schuling J, Haaijer-Ruskamp F, Voorham J. Effects of a patient oriented decision aid for prioritising treatment goals in diabetes: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2014;349:g5651. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5651 pmid:25255799.