Líquidos intravenosos de mantenimiento en pacientes agudos

1. Freeman MA, Ayus JC, Moritz ML. Maintenance intravenous fluid prescribing practices among paediatric residents. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101(10): e465-e468.
2. Davies P, Hall T, Ali T, Lakhoo K. Intravenous postoperative fluid prescriptions for children: a survey of practice. BMC Surg 2008; 8: 10.
3. Chawla G, Drummond GB. Textbook coverage of a common topic: fluid management of patients after surgery. Med Educ 2008; 42: 613-8.
4. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Intravenous fluid management for the acutely ill child. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23: 186-93.
5. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013 (https:/ /www .nice .org .uk/ guidance/ cg174).
6. Padhi S, Bullock I, Li L, Stroud M. Intravenous fluid therapy for adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2013; 347: f7073.
7. Ayus JC, Wheeler JM, Arieff AI. Postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy in menstruant women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 891-7.
8. Halberthal M, Halperin ML, Bohn D. Lesson of the week: acute hyponatraemia in children admitted to hospital: retrospective analysis of factors contributing to its development and resolution. BMJ 2001; 322: 780-2.
9. Steele A, Gowrishankar M, Abrahamson S, Mazer CD, Feldman RD, Halperin ML. Postoperative hyponatremia despite near-isotonic saline infusion: a phenomenon of desalination. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 20-5.
10. Arieff AI, Ayus JC, Fraser CL. Hyponatraemia and death or permanent brain damage in healthy children. BMJ 1992; 304: 1218-22.
11. Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1529-35.
12. Danziger J, Zeidel ML. Osmotic homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;10: 852-62.
13. Schrier RW. Body water homeostasis: clinical disorders of urinary dilution and concentration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 1820-32.
14. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: Suppl 2: i1-i39.
15. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Preventing neurological complications from dysnatremias in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 1687-700.
16. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Hospital-acquired hyponatremia — why are hypotonic parenteral fluids still being used? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 374-82.
17. Severs D, Hoorn EJ, Rookmaaker MB. A critical appraisal of intravenous fluids: from the physiological basis to clinical evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;30: 178-87.
18. Knepper MA, Kwon TH, Nielsen S. Molecular physiology of water balance. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1349-58.
19. Ellison DH, Berl T. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2064-72.
20. Greenberg A, Verbalis JG, Amin AN, et al. Current treatment practice and outcomes: report of the Hyponatremia Registry. Kidney Int 2015; 88: 167-77.
21. Oster JR, Singer I, Thatte L, Grant-Taylor I, Diego JM. The polyuria of solute diuresis. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 721-9.
22. Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med 2006; 119: Suppl 1: S30-S35.
23. Carandang F, Anglemyer A, Longhurst CA, et al. Association between maintenance fluid tonicity and hospital-acquired hyponatremia. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1646-51.
24. Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW, Anderson RJ. Postoperative hyponatremia: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 333-6.
25. Anderson RJ, Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW. Hyponatremia: a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenetic role of vasopressin. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 164-8.
26. Neville KA, Verge CF, O’Meara MW, Walker JL. High antidiuretic hormone levels and hyponatremia in children with gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 1401-7.
27. Aronson D, Dragu RE, Nakhoul F, et al. Hyponatremia as a complication of cardiac catheterization: a prospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 940-6.
28. Nair V, Niederman MS, Masani N,Fishbane S. Hyponatremia in community acquired pneumonia. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 184-90.
29. Au AK, Ray PE, McBryde KD, Newman KD, Weinstein SL, Bell MJ. Incidence of postoperative hyponatremia and complications in critically-ill children treated with hypotonic and normotonic solutions. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 33-8.
30. Hanna M, Saberi MS. Incidence of hyponatremia in children with gastroenteritis treated with hypotonic intravenous fluids. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 1471-5.
31. Rodríguez MJ, Alcaraz A, Solana MJ, García A. Neurological symptoms in hospitalized patients: do we assess hyponatraemia with sufficient care? Acta Paediatr 2014; 103(1): e7-e10.
32. National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA). Patient safety alert: reducing the risk of hyponatraemia when administering intravenous infusions to children. 2007 (http://www .nrls .npsa .nhs .uk/ resources/ ?entryid45=59809).
33. Hospital-acquired acute hyponatremia: two reports of pediatric deaths. ISMP Canada Safety Bulletin 2009; 9: 1-4.
34. Plain D5W or hypotonic saline solutions post-op could result in acute hyponatremia and death in healthy children. ISMP Medication Safety Alert 2009; 7: 1-4.
35. Grissinger M. Hyponatremia and death in healthy children from plain dextrose and hypotonic saline solutions after surgery. P T 2013; 38: 364-88.
36. Ayus JC, Armstrong D, Arieff AI. Hyponatremia with hypoxia: effects on brain adaptation, perfusion, and histology in rodents. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1319-25.
37. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. New aspects in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hyponatremic encephalopathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 1225-38.
38. Nigro N, Winzeler B, Suter-Widmer I, et al. Symptoms and characteristics of individuals with profound hyponatremia: a prospective multicenter observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 470-5.
39. Ayus JC, Caputo D, Bazerque F, Heguilen R, Gonzalez CD, Moritz ML. Treatment of hyponatremic encephalopathy with a 3% sodium chloride protocol: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 65: 435-42.
40. Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Chronic hyponatremic encephalopathy in postmenopausal women: association of therapies with morbidity and mortality. JAMA 1999; 281:2299-304.
41. Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X, Manto MU, Decaux G. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. Am J Med 2006; 119(1): 71.e1-78.e1.
42. Ayus JC, Moritz ML. Bone disease as a new complication of hyponatremia: moving beyond brain injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 167-8.
43. Kinsella S, Moran S, Sullivan MO, Molloy MG, Eustace JA. Hyponatremia independent of osteoporosis is associated with fracture occurrence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 275-80.
44. Verbalis JG, Barsony J, Sugimura Y, et al. Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25: 554-63.
45. Ayus JC, Negri AL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moritz ML. Is chronic hyponatremia a novel risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3725-31.
46. Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Hyponatremia and mortality: moving beyond associations. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62: 139-49.
47. Mohan S, Gu S, Parikh A, Radhakrishnan J. Prevalence of hyponatremia and association with mortality: results from NHANES. Am J Med 2013; 126(12): 1127.e1-1137.e1.
48. Gankam-Kengne F, Ayers C, Khera A, de Lemos J, Maalouf NM. Mild hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of death in an ambulatory setting. Kidney Int 2013; 83: 700-6.
49. Corona G, Giuliani C, Parenti G, et al. Moderate hyponatremia is associated withincreased risk of mortality: evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8(12):e80451.
50. Amin A, Deitelzweig S, Christian R, et al. Evaluation of incremental healthcare resource burden and readmission rates associated with hospitalized hyponatremic patients in the US. J Hosp Med 2012; 7: 634-9.
51. Shafiee MA, Bohn D, Hoorn EJ, Halperin ML. How to select optimal maintenance intravenous fluid therapy. QJM 2003; 96: 601-10.
52. Holliday MA, Segar WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics 1957; 19: 823-32.
53. Talbot NB, Crawford JD, Butler AM. Homeostatic limits to safe parenteral fluid therapy. N Engl J Med 1953; 248: 1100-8.
54. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Prevention of hospital-acquired hyponatremia: a case for using isotonic saline. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 227-30.
55. Powell-Tuck J, Gosling P, Lobo DN, et al. British consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy for adult surgical patients. Redditch, United Kingdom:BAPEN, 2011 (http://www .bapen .org .uk/pdfs/ bapen_pubs/ giftasup .pdf).
56. Mythen MG, Swart M, Acheson N, et al. Perioperative fluid management: consensus statement from the enhanced recovery partnership. Perioper Med (Lond) 2012; 1: 2.
57. Drysdale SB, Coulson T, Cronin N, et al. The impact of the National Patient Safety Agency intravenous fluid alert on iatrogenic hyponatraemia in children. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 813-7.
58. Hatherill M. Rubbing salt in the wound. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89: 414-8.
59. Taylor D, Durward A. Pouring salt on troubled waters. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:411-4.
60. Holliday MA, Ray PE, Friedman AL. Fluid therapy for children: facts, fashions and questions. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92: 546-50.
61. Foster BA, Tom D, Hill V. Hypotonic versus isotonic fluids in hospitalized children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2014; 165(1): 163.e2-169.e2.
62. McNab S, Duke T, South M, et al. 140 mmol/L of sodium versus 77 mmol/L of sodium in maintenance intravenous fluid therapy for children in hospital (PIMS):a randomised controlled double-blind trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 1190-7.
63. McNab S, Ware RS, Neville KA, et al. Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12: CD009457.
64. Friedman JN, Beck CE, DeGroot J, Geary DF, Sklansky DJ, Freedman SB. Comparison of isotonic and hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluids: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2015; 169: 445-51.
65. Shamim A, Afzal K, Ali SM. Safety and efficacy of isotonic (0.9%) vs. hypotonic (0.18%) saline as maintenance intravenous fluids in children: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr 2014; 51: 969-74.
66. Bomberger RA, McGregor B, DePalma RG. Optimal fluid management after aortic reconstruction: a prospective study of two crystalloid solutions. J Vasc Surg 1986; 4: 164-7.
67. Saba TG, Fairbairn J, Houghton F, Laforte D, Foster BJ. A randomized controlled trial of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance intravenous fluids in hospitalized children. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11: 82.
68. Coulthard MG, Cheater LS, Long DA. Perioperative fluid therapy in children. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 146-7.
69. Kannan L, Lodha R, Vivekanandhan S, Bagga A, Kabra SK, Kabra M. Intravenous fluid regimen and hyponatraemia among children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 2303-9.
70. Neville KA, Sandeman DJ, Rubinstein A, Henry GM, McGlynn M, Walker JL. Prevention of hyponatremia during maintenance intravenous fluid administration: a prospective randomized study of fluid type versus fluid rate. J Pediatr 2010;156(2): 313.e2-319.e2.
71. Yung M, Keeley S. Randomised controlled trial of intravenous maintenance fluids. J Paediatr Child Health 2009; 45: 9-14.
72. Musch W, Decaux G. Treating the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion with isotonic saline. QJM 1998; 91: 749-53.
73. Moritz ML. Urine sodium composition in ambulatory healthy children: hypotonic or isotonic? Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23: 955-7.
74. Lobo DN, Awad S. Should chloride rich crystalloids remain the mainstay of fluid resuscitation to prevent ‘pre-renal’ acute kidney injury?: con. Kidney Int 2014;86: 1096-105.
75. Moro N, Katayama Y, Igarashi T, Mori T, Kawamata T, Kojima J. Hyponatremia in patients with traumatic brain injury: incidence, mechanism, and response to sodium supplementation or retention therapy with hydrocortisone. Surg Neurol 2007; 68: 387-93.
76. Schrier RW. Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1127-34.
77. Issa VS, Andrade L, Ayub-Ferreira SM, et al. Hypertonic saline solution for prevention of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 34-40