Complicaciones cerebrales de la diabetes tipo 2

1 Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375: 2215–22.

2 Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern Med J 2012; 42: 484–91.

3 Wang F, Wang S, Zong QQ, et al. Prevalence of comorbid major depressive disorder in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of comparative and epidemiological studies. Diabet Med 2019; 36: 961–69.

4 Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 540–48.

5 Lee M, Saver JL, Hong KS, Song S, Chang KH, Ovbiagele B. Effect of pre-diabetes on future risk of stroke: meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 344: e3564.

6 Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Lovato LC, et al. Association of depression with accelerated cognitive decline among patients with type 2 diabetes in the ACCORD-MIND trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70: 1041–47.

7 Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM, for the Oxford Vascular Study. Incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with transient ischaemic attack and stroke: analysis of the population-based Oxford Vascular Study. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18: 248–58.

8 Cummings DM, Kirian K, Howard G, et al. Consequences of comorbidity of elevated stress and/or depressive symptoms and incident cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: results from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 101–09.

9 Stehouwer CDA. Microvascular dysfunction and hyperglycemia: a vicious cycle with widespread consequences. Diabetes 2018; 67: 1729–41.

10 Wardlaw JM, Smith C, Dichgans M. Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18: 684–96.

11 Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14: 133–50.

12 Raichle ME, Gusnard DA. Appraising the brain’s energy budget. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 10237–39.

13 Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592: 841–59.

14 Novak V, Hajjar I. The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 686–98.

15 Østergaard L, Engedal TS, Moreton F, et al. Cerebral small vessel disease: capillary pathways to stroke and cognitive decline. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36: 302–25.

16 Rajani RM, Quick S, Ruigrok SR, et al. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction reduces white matter vulnerability in cerebral small vessel disease in rats. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10: eaam9507.

17 Shen Q, Goderie SK, Jin L, et al. Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells. Science 2004; 304: 1338–40.

18 Simó R, Stitt AW, Gardner TW. Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: does it really matter? Diabetologia 2018; 61: 1902–12.

19 Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back. Physiol Rev 2019; 99: 21–78.

20 Barrett EJ, Liu Z, Khamaisi M, et al. Diabetic microvascular disease: an Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102: 4343–410.

21 Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14: 168–81.

22 Bogush M, Heldt NA, Persidsky Y. Blood brain barrier injury in diabetes: unrecognized effects on brain and cognition. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12: 593–601.

23 Prasad S, Sajja RK, Naik P, Cucullo L. Diabetes mellitus and blood-brain barrier dysfunction: an overview. J Pharmacovigil 2014; 2: 125.

24 Janelidze S, Hertze J, Nägga K, et al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability is associated with dementia and diabetes but not amyloid pathology or APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 51: 104–12.

25 Thrippleton MJ, Shi Y, Blair G, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity measurement in cerebral small vessel disease: rationale and reproducibility of a protocol for MRI acquisition and image processing. Int J Stroke 2018; 13: 195–206.

26 Ainslie PN, Duffin J. Integration of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation. Am J P hysiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296: R1473–95.

27 Thrippleton MJ, Backes WH, Sourbron S, et al. Quantifying bloodbrain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: review and consensus recommendations. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15: 840–58.

28 Duarte JV, Pereira JM, Quendera B, et al. Early disrupted neurovascular coupling and changed event level hemodynamic response function in type 2 diabetes: an fMRI study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35: 1671–80.

29 van Bussel FC, Backes WH, Hofman PA, et al. On the interplay of microvasculature, parenchyma, and memory in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 876–82.

30 Last D, Alsop DC, Abduljalil AM, et al. Global and regional effects of type 2 diabetes on brain tissue volumes and cerebral vasoreactivity. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1193–99.

31 Cui Y, Liang X, Gu H, et al. Cerebral perfusion alterations in type 2 diabetes and its relation to insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11: 1248–57.

32 Tchistiakova E, Anderson ND, Greenwood CE, MacIntosh BJ. Combined effects of type 2 diabetes and hypertension associated with cortical thinning and impaired cerebrovascular reactivity relative to hypertension alone in older adults. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 5: 36–41.

33 Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 822–38.

34 Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Chen C, Wong TY. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 57: 89–107.

35 Heringa SM, Bouvy WH, van den Berg E, Moll AC, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Associations between retinal microvascular changes and dementia, cognitive functioning, and brain imaging abnormalities: a systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33: 983–95.

36 Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Klein R, Wong TY. The clinical implications of recent studies on the structure and function of the retinal microvasculature in diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58: 871–85.

37 van Agtmaal MJM, Houben AJHM, de Wit V, et al. Prediabetes is associated with structural brain abnormalities: the Maastricht study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 2535–43.

38 Marseglia A, Fratiglioni L, Kalpouzos G, Wang R, Bäckman L, Xu W. Prediabetes and diabetes accelerate cognitive decline and predict microvascular lesions: a population-based cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15: 25–33.

39 Nguyen TT, Wang JJ, Sharrett AR, et al. Relationship of retinal vascular caliber with diabetes and retinopathy: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 544–49.

40 Sörensen BM, Houben AJ, Berendschot TT, et al. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are associated with generalized microvascular dysfunction: the Maastricht study. Circulation 2016; 134: 1339–52.

41 Banks WA. The blood-brain barrier as an endocrine tissue. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15: 444–55.

42 Salminen A, Ojala J, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Suuronen T. Inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid-β oligomers trigger innate immunity defence via pattern recognition receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 87: 181–94.

43 Sorop O, Olver TD, van de Wouw J, et al. The microcirculation: a key player in obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113: 1035–45.

44 Rhea EM, Banks WA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in central nervous system insulin resistance. Front Neurosci 2019; 13: 521.

45 Katakam PV, Domoki F, Lenti L, et al. Cerebrovascular responses to insulin in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29: 1955–67.

46 Fu Z, Wu J, Nesil T, Li MD, Aylor KW, Liu Z. Long-term high-fat diet induces hippocampal microvascular insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312: E89–97.

47 Climie RE, van Sloten TT, Bruno R-M, et al. Macrovasculature and microvasculature at the crossroads between type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73: 1138–49.

48 van Sloten TT, Protogerou AD, Henry RMA, Schram MT, Launer LJ, Stehouwer CDA. Association between arterial stiffness, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53: 121–30.

49 van Sloten TT, Czernichow S, Houben AJ, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and skin microvascular function: the SUVIMAX2 Study and the Maastricht study. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28: 868–76.

50 Luitse MJ, Biessels GJ, Rutten GE, Kappelle LJ. Diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 261–71.

51 Liu J, Rutten-Jacobs L, Liu M, Markus HS, Traylor M. Causal impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on cerebral small vessel disease: a mendelian randomization analysis. Stroke 2018; 49: 1325–31.

52 Palacio S, McClure LA, Benavente OR, Bazan C 3rd, Pergola P, Hart RG. Lacunar strokes in patients with diabetes mellitus: risk factors, infarct location, and prognosis: the secondary prevention of small subcortical strokes study. Stroke 2014; 45: 2689–94.