1. Laennec R. A Treatise on Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation. New York, NY: Samuel Wood & Sons; 1830.
2. MacLeod JB, Tibbs BM, Freiberger DJ, Rozycki GS, Lewis F, Feliciano DV. Pneumomediastinum in the injured patient: inconsequential or predictive? Am Surg. 2009;75(5):375-377.
3. Müller F. Ueber emphysema des mediastinum. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1888:205-208.
4. Miller H. Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. Ann Intern Med. 1944;21(6):998-1010.
5. Hamman L. Spontaneous interstitial emphysema of the lungs. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1937;3:311-319.
6. Hamman L. Remarks on the diagnosis of coronary occlusion. Ann Intern Med. 1934;8:417-431.
7. Macklin CC. Transport of air along sheaths of pulmonic blood vessels from alveoli to mediastinum: clinical implications. Arch Intern Med. 1939;64(5):913-926.
8. Bejvan SM, Godwin JD. Pneumomediastinum: old signs and new signs. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;166(5):1041-1048.
9. Molena D, Burr N, Zucchiatti A, et al. The incidence and clinical significance of pneumomediastinum found on computed tomography scan in blunt trauma patients. Am Surg. 2009;75(11):1081-1083.
10. Dissanaike S, Shalhub S, Jurkovich GJ. The evaluation of pneumomediastinum in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma. 2008;65(6):1340-1345.
11. Wintermark M, Schnyder P. The Macklin effect: a frequent etiology for pneumomediastinum in severe blunt chest trauma. Chest. 2001;120(2):543-547.
12. Rezende-Neto JB, Hoffmann J, Al Mahroos M, et al. Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: clinical significance. Injury. 2010;41(1):40-43.
13. Symbas PN, Justicz AG, Ricketts RR. Rupture of the airways from blunt trauma: treatment of complex injuries. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54(1):177-183.
14. Beal SL, Pottmeyer EW, Spisso JM. Esophageal perforation following external blunt trauma. J Trauma. 1988;28(10):1425-1432.
15. Roccia F, Griffa A, Nasi A, Baragiotta N. Severe subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum associated with minor maxillofacial trauma. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14(6):880-883.
16. Lotz PR, Martel W, Rohwedder JJ, Green RA. Significance of pneumomediastinum in blunt trauma to the thorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132(5):817-819.
17. Baumgartner F, Sheppard B, de Virgilio C, et al. Tracheal and main bronchial disruptions after blunt chest trauma: presentation and management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;50(4):569-574.
18. Banki F, Estrera AL, Harrison RG, et al. Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Am J Surg. 2013;206(6):1001-1006.
19. Wu JT, Mattox KL, Wall MJ Jr. Esophageal perforations: new perspectives and treatment paradigms. J Trauma. 2007;63(5):1173-1184.
20. Asensio JA, Chahwan S, Forno W, et al; American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Penetrating esophageal injuries: multicenter study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma. 2001;50(2):289-296.
21. Vassar MJ, Lewis FR Jr, Chambers JA, et al. Prediction of outcome in intensive care unit trauma patients: a multicenter study of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), and a 24-hour intensive care unit (ICU) point system. J Trauma. 1999;47(2):324-329.
Comentarios
Para ver los comentarios de sus colegas o para expresar su opinión debe ingresar con su cuenta de IntraMed.