Manejo de la hipoglucemia persistente en neonatos, lactantes y niños

1. Cornblath M, Reisner SH. Blood glucose in the neonate and its clinical significance. N Engl J Med 1965; 273:378-81.
2. Srinivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look. J Pediatr 1986; 109:114-7.
3. Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, et al. Re-evaluating “transitional neonatal hypoglycemia”: mechanism and implications for management. J Pediatr 2015; 166:1520-5.
4. Canadian Paediatric Society. Screening guidelines for newborns at risk for low blood glucose. Paediatr Child Health 2004; 9:723-40.
5. Adamkin DH. Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants. Pediatrics 2011; 127:575-9.
6. Wight N, Marinelli KA. ABM clinical protocol 1: guidelines for glucose monitoring and treatment of hypoglycemia in breastfed neonates. Breastfeed Med 2006; 1:178-84.
7. Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER, et al. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:709-28.
8. Menni F, de Lonlay P, Sevin C, Touati G, Peigne C, Barbier V, et al. Neurologic outcomes of 90 neonates and infants with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 2001; 107:476-9.
9. Steinkrauss L, Lipman TH, Hendell CD, Gerdes M, Thornton PS, Stanley CA. Effects of hypoglycemia on developmental outcome in children with congenital hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr Nurs 2005; 20:109-18.
10. Meissner T, Wendel U, Burgard P, Schaetzle S, Mayatepek E. Long-term follow-up of 114 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149:43-51.
11. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328:1490.
12. Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia in diabetes: Pathophysiology, prevalence, and prevention. 2nd ed. Alexandria (VA): American Diabetes Association; 2013.
13. Bier DM, Leake RD, Haymond MW, Arnold KJ, Gruenke LD, Sperling MA, et al. Measurement of “true” glucose production rates in infancy and childhood with 6,6-dideuteroglucose. Diabetes 1977; 26: 1016-23.
14. Veneman T, Mitrakou A, Mokan M, Cryer P, Gerich J. Effect of hyperketonemia and hyperlacticacidemia on symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and counterregulatory hormone responses during hypoglycemia in normal humans. Diabetes 1994; 43:1311-7.
15. Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:868-70.
16. Koivisto M, Blanco-Sequeiros M, Krause U. Neonatal symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia: a follow-up study of 151 children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1972; 14:603-14.
17. Chaussain JL, Georges P, Calzada L, Job JC. Glycemic response to 24- hour fast in normal children, III: influence of age. J Pediatr 1977; 91:711-4.
18. Cryer PE. Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2272-9.
19. Hussain K, Bryan J, Christesen HT, Brusgaard K, Aguilar-Bryan L. Serum glucagon counterregulatory hormonal response to hypoglycemia is blunted in congenital hyperinsulinism. Diabetes 2005; 54:2946-51.
20. Bonnefont JP, Specola NB, Vassault A, Lombes A, Ogier H, de Klerk JB, et al. The fasting test in paediatrics: application to the diagnosis of pathological hypo- and hyperketotic states. Eur J Pediatr 1990; 150:80-5.
21. van Veen MR, van Hasselt PM, de Sain-van der Velden MG, Verhoeven N, Hofstede FC, de Koning TJ, et al. Metabolic profiles in children during fasting. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e1021-7.
22. Saudubray JM, Marsac C, Limal JM, Dumurgier E, Charpentier C, Ogier H, et al. Variation in plasma ketone bodies during a 24-hour fast in normal and in hypoglycemic children: relationship to age. J Pediatr 1981; 98:904-8.
23. Wolfsdorf JI, Plotkin RA, Laffel LM, Crigler JF Jr. Continuous glucose for treatment of patients with type 1 glycogen-storage disease: comparison of the effects of dextrose and uncooked cornstarch on biochemical variables. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:1043-50.
24. Hay WW Jr, Raju TN, Higgins RD, Kalhan SC, Devaskar SU. Knowledge gaps and research needs for understanding and treating neonatal hypoglycemia: workshop report from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. J Pediatr 2009; 155:612-7.
25. Kim M, Yu ZX, Fredholm BB, Rivkees SA. Susceptibility of the developing brain to acute hypoglycemia involving A1 adenosine receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E562-9.
26. Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ. Hypoglycemic brain injury. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6:147-55.
27. Collins JE, Leonard JV. Hyperinsulinsim in asphyxiated and smallfor-dates infants with hypoglycaemia. Lancet 1984; 2:311-3.
28. Collins JE, Leonard JV, Teale D, Marks V, Williams DM, Kennedy CR, et al. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in small for dates babies. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65:1118-20.
29. Hume R, McGeechan A, Burchell A. Failure to detect preterm infants at risk of hypoglycemia before discharge. J Pediatr 1999; 134:499-502.
30. Hoe FM, Thornton PS, Wanner LA, Steinkrauss L, Simmons RA, Stanley CA. Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr 2006; 148:207-12.
31. Mohamed Z, Arya VB, Hussain K. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia: genetic mechanisms, diagnosis and management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2012; 4:169-81.
32. Morris AA, Thekekara A, Wilks Z, Clayton PT, Leonard JV, AynsleyGreen A. Evaluation of fasts for investigating hypoglycaemia or suspected metabolic disease. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75:115-9.
33. Finegold DN, Stanley CA, Baker L. Glycemic response to glucagon during fasting hypoglycemia: an aid in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism. J Pediatr 1980; 96:257-9.
34. De Leon DD, Stanley CA. Determination of insulin for the diagnosis of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:763-9.
35. Calabria AC, Gallagher PR, Simmons R, Blinman T, De Leon DD. Postoperative surveillance and detection of postprandial hypoglycemia after fundoplasty in children. J Pediatr 2011; 159:597-601.e1.
36. Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A, Dunger D, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10(Suppl 12):134-45.
37. Wolfsdorf JI, Weinstein DA. Glycogen storage diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4:95-102.
38. van Hasselt PM, Ferdinandusse S, Monroe GR, Ruiter JP, Turkenburg M, Geerlings MJ, et al. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 defi- ciency and ketone utilization. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1900-7.
39. Harris DL, Weston PJ, Williams CE, Pleasants AB, Battin MR, Spooner CG, et al. Cot-side electroencephalography monitoring is not clinically useful in the detection of mild neonatal hypoglycemia. J Pediatr 2011; 159:755-60.e1.