Parto pretérmino

1. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Osterman MJK, Mathews TJ. Births: final data for 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2013;62(1):1-69.
2. Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ 2010;88:31-8.
3. Callaghan WM, MacDorman MF, Rasmussen SA, Qin C, Lackritz EM. The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States. Pediatrics 2006;118:1566-73.
4. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 2009 period linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2013;61(8):1-27.
5. Behrman RE, Stith Butler A. Committee on understanding premature birth and assuring healthy outcomes:  causes, consequences, and prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
6. Boyle EM, Poulsen G, Field DJ, et al. Effects of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 3 and 5 years of  age: population based cohort study. BMJ 2012;344:e896.
7. Healy AJ, Malone FD, Sullivan LM, et al. Early access to prenatal care: implications for racial disparity in perinatal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:625-31.
8. McManemy J, Cooke E, Amon E, et al. Recurrence risk for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196(6):576.e1- 76.e6.
9. Edlow AG, Srinivas SK, Elovitz MA. Second trimester loss and subsequent pregnancy outcomes: what is the real risk? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197(6):581.e1-581.e6.
10. Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. Association between stillbirth and risk factors known at pregnancy confirmation. JAMA 2011;306:2469-79.
11. Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ, et al. The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. N Engl J Med 1996;334:567-72.
12. Hibbard JU, Tart M, Moawad AH. Cervical length at 16-22 weeks’ gestation and risk for preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:972-8.
13. Yost NP, Owen J, Berghella V, et al. Number and gestational age of prior preterm births does not modify the predictive value of a short cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:241-6.
14. Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: recurrence risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1035-40.
15. Facco FL, Simhan HN. Short ultrasonographic cervical length in women with low-risk obstetric history.  Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:858-62.
16. Word RA, Li XH, Hnat M, Carrick K. Dynamics of cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition: mechanisms and current concepts. Semin Reprod  Med 2007;25:69-79.
17. Timmons B, Akins M, Mahendroo M. Cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21:353-61.
18. Buhimschi C, Norman JE. Pathogenesis of spontaneous preterm labor. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R, Iams JD, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, eds. Creasy and Resnik’s maternal fetal medicine: principles and practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2013:599-623.
19. Muglia LJ, Katz M. The enigma of spontaneous preterm birth. N Engl J Med 2010;362:529-35.
20. Hauth JC, Clifton RG, Roberts JM, et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:653-8.
21. Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M. Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10: CD007079.
22. Harper M, Thom E, Klebanoff MA, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to prevent recurrent preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:234-42.
23. Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC, et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 534-40.
24. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:487-93.
25. Offenbacher S, Beck JD, Jared HL, et al. Effects of periodontal therapy on rate of preterm delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:551-9.
26. Martin JA, Osterman MJK, Sutton PD. Are preterm births on the decline in the United States? Recent data from the National Vital Statistics System. NCHS data brief. No. 39. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2010.
27. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Guidelines on number of embryos transferred. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1518-9.
28. Donovan EF, Lannon C, Ballit J, Rose B, Iams JD, Byczkowski T. A statewide initiative to reduce inappropriate scheduled births at 36(0/7)–38(6/7) weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202(3):243.e1-243.e8.
29. Oshiro BT, Kowalewski L, Sappenfield W, et al. A multistate quality improvement program to decrease elective deliveries before
39 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:1025-31.
30. ACOG committee opinion no. 560: medically indicated late-preterm and earlyterm deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121: 908-10.
31. March of Dimes less than 39 weeks toolkit. White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Foundation (http://www.marchofdimes .com/professionals/less-than-39-weeks
-toolkit.aspx).
32. ACOG practice bulletin no. 107: induction of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114: 386-97.
33. Csapo A. Progesterone block. Am J Anat 1956;98:273-91.
34. Csapo AI. The see-saw theory of parturition. In: O’Connor M, Knight J, eds. The fetus and birth. New York: Elsevier, 1977:159-210.
35. Norwitz ER, Mahendroo M, Lye SJ. Biology of parturition. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R, Iams JD, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, eds. Creasy and Resnik’s maternal fetal medicine: principles and practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/ Elsevier, 2013:66-79.
36. Keirse MJNC. Progestogen administration in pregnancy may prevent preterm delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:149-54.
37. da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MH, Zugaib M. Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:419-24.
38. Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, et al. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2379-85. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2003;349:1299.]
39. O’Brien JM, Adair CD, Lewis DF, et al. Progesterone vaginal gel for the reduction of recurrent preterm birth: primary results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:687-96.
40. Hassan SS, Romero R, Vidyadhari D, et al. Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:18-31.
41. Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M, Singh M, Nicolaides KH. Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix. N Engl J Med 2007;357:462-9.
42. Grobman WA, Thom EA, Spong CY, et al. 17 Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent prematurity in nulliparas with cervical length less than 30 mm. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207(5):390.e1-390.e8.
43. Rouse DJ, Caritis SN, Peaceman AM, et al. A trial of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent prematurity in twins. N Engl J Med 2007;357:454-61
44. Norman JE, Mackenzie F, Owen P, et al. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:2034-40.
45. Owen J, Hankins G, Iams JD, et al. Multi-center randomized trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened mid-trimester cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201(4):375.e1-375.e8.
46. Berghella V, Rafael TJ, Szychowski JM, Rust OA, Owen J. Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography in women with singleton gestations and previous preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:663-71.
47. Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Nicolaides K, et al. Vaginal progesterone vs. cervical cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix, previous preterm birth, and singleton gestation: a systematic review and indirect comparison meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(1):42.e1-42.e18.
48. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee, with assistance of Vincenzo Berghella. Progesterone and preterm birth prevention: translating clinical trials data into clinical practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:376-86. [Erratum, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:86.]
49. ACOG practice bulletin no. 130: prediction and prevention of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:964-73.
50. Iams JD, Cebrik D, Lynch C, Behrendt N, Das A. The rate of cervical change and the phenotype of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205(2):130.e1-130.e6.
51. Campbell S. Universal cervical-length screening and vaginal progesterone prevents early preterm births, reduces neonata morbidity and is cost saving: doing nothing is no longer an option. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:1-9.
52. Parry S, Simhan H, Elovitz M, Iams J. Universal maternal cervical length screening during the second trimester: pros and cons of a strategy to identify women at risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:101-6.
53. Cahill AG, Odibo AO, Caughey AB, et al. Universal cervical length screening and treatment with vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth: a decision and economic analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202(6):548.e1-548.e8.
54. Werner EF, Han CS, Pettker CM, et al. Universal cervical-length screening to prevent preterm birth: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011; 38:32-7.
55. Chang J, Zhao Y, Zhao W, Venkataramanan R, Caritis SN. Quality  assessment of compounded 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013 October 29 (Epub ahead of print).