¿Cuál es su importancia? Bases moleculares y utilidad clínica | 29 ABR 13

El ejercicio en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular

Con la aparición de la biología molecular, se pudieron identificar los mecanismos subyacentes. El escaso cumplimiento es el principal inconveniente del entrenamiento en ejercicio físico.
Autor/a: Dres. Schuler D, Adams V, Goto European Heart Journal Advance Access published 2013;34, April 7
INDICE:  1. Artículo | 2. Referencias
Referencias

1. Morris J, Heady JA, Raffle PAB, Roberts CG, Parks JW. Coronary artery disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 1953; 265 :1053 – 1057.
2. Lee DC, Artero EG, Xuemei S, Blair SN. Review: mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 27 – 35.
3. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116 :1081 – 1093.
4. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, De Backer G, Ebrahim S, Gjelsvik B, Herrmann-Lingen C, Hoes A, Humphries S, Knapton M, Perk J, Priori SG, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Ruilope L, Sans-Menendez S, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Weissberg P, Wood D, Yarnell J, Zamorano JL, Walma E, Fitzgerald T, Cooney MT, Dudina A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Funck-Brentano C, Filippatos G, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Hellemans I, Altiner A, Bonora E, Durrington PN, Fagard R, Giampaoli S, Hemingway H, Hakansson J, Kjeldsen SE, Larsen ML, Mancia G, Manolis AJ, Orth-Gomer K, Pedersen T, Rayner M, Ryden L, Sammut M, Schneiderman N, Stalenhoef AF, Tokg+ Azoglu L, Wiklund O, Zampelas A. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007; 28:2375 – 2414.
5. Smith SC, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, Gibbons RJ, Grundy SM, Hiratzka LF, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones DM, Minissian M, Mosca L, Peterson ED, Sacco RL, Spertus J, Stein JH, Taubert KA. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update. Circulation 2011; 124 :2458 – 2473.
6. Proper KI, Singh AS, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJM. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med 2011; 40:174 – 182.
7. Katzmarzyk PT, Lee IM. Sedentary behaviour and life expectancy in the USA: a cause-deleted life table analysis. BMJ Open 2012;  2 :e000828.
8. Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, Nichaman MZ, Gibbons LW, Paffenbarger RS, Blair SN. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999; 282 :1547 – 1553.
9. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Mu¨ller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Roll S, Willich SN. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15:239 – 246.
10. Kodama S. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301 :2024 – 2035.
11. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 :793 – 801.
12. Task FM, Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syva¨nne M, Scholte op Reimer WJM, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F, Other experts who contributed to parts of the guide-lines, Cooney MT, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), Bax J, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, Document Review, Funck-Brentano C, Sirnes PA, Aboyans V, Ezquerra EA, Baigent C, Brotons C, Burell G, Ceriello A, De Sutter J, Deckers J, Del Prato S, Diener HC, Fitzsimons D, Fras Z, Hambrecht R, Jankowski P, Keil U, Kirby M, Larsen ML, Mancia G, Manolis AJ, McMurray J, Pajak A, Parkhomenko A, Rallidis L, Rigo F, Rocha E, Ruilope LM, van der Velde E, Vanuzzo D, Viigimaa M, Volpe M, Wiklund O, Wolpert C. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012; 33:1635 – 1701.
13. Redberg RF, Benjamin EJ, Bittner V, Braun LT, Goff DC Jr, Havas S, Labarthe DR, Limacher MC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Mora S, Pearson TA, Radford MJ, Smetana GW, Spertus JA, Swegler EW. ACCF/AHA 2009 Performance measures for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on performance measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease) Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Endorsed by the American College of Preventive Medicine, American College of Sports Medicine, and Society for Women’s Health Research.J A m Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1364 – 1405.
14. Lee IM, Skerrett PJ. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:S459 – S471.
15. Wen CP, Wai JP, Tsai MK, Yang YC, Cheng TY, Lee MC, Chan HT, Tsao CK, Tsai SP, Wu X. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2011; 378 :1244 – 1253.
16. Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. Circulation 2010; 122 :743 – 752.
17. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW, Haskell W, Lee IM. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease / clinical perspective. Circulation 2011;124 :789 – 795.
18. Wagner A, Simon C, Evans A, Ferrieres J, Montaye M, Ducimetiere P, Arveiler D on behalf of the PRIME Study Group. Physical activity and coronary event incidence in Northern Ireland and France. Circulation 2002;105 :2247 – 2252.
19. Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T, Chyun DA, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, Philippides G, Rocchini A, on behalf of the American Heart Association Exercise CRaPCotCoCC, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Nutrition P. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009;119 :3244 – 3262.
20. Sieverdes JC, Sui X, Lee DC, Church TS, McClain A, Hand GA, Blair SN. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study of men. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44:238 – 244.
21. Wing RR, Jakicic J, Nieberg R, Lang W, Blair SN, Cooper L, Hill JO, Johnson KC, Lewis CE. Fitness, fatness, and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: look ahead study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:2107 – 2116.
22. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, Diabetes Prevention Programm Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 :393 – 403.
23. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Circulation 2003; 107 :2435 – 2439.
24. Ades PA, Savage PD, Toth MJ, Harvey-Berino J, Schneider DJ, Bunn JY, Audelin MC, Ludlow M. High-calorie-expenditure exercise. Circulation 2009; 119 :2671 – 2678.
25. McAuley PA, Artero EG, Sui X, Lee DC, Church TS, Lavie CJ, Myers JN, Espana-Romero V, Blair SN. The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87:443 – 451.
26. Witt BJ, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, Killian JM, Meverden RA, Allison TG, Reeder GS, Roger V. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:988 – 996.
27. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Schulman KA, Whellan DJ. Relationship between cardiac rehabilitation and long-term risks of death and myocardial infarction among elderly medicare beneficiaries. Circulation 2010; 121 :63 – 70.
28. Martin BJ, Hauer T, Arena R, Austford LD, Galbraith PD, Lewin AM, Knudtson ML, Ghali WA, Stone JA, Aggarwal SG. Cardiac rehabilitation attend-ance and outcomes in coronary artery disease patients/clinical perspective. Circulation 2012; 126 :677 – 687.
29. Goel K, Lennon RJ, Tilbury RT, Squires RW, Thomas RJ. Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on mortality and cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention in the community/clinical perspective. Circulation 2011;123 : 2344 – 2352.
30. Suaya JA, Stason WB, Ades PA, Normand SL, Shepard DS. Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:25 – 33.
31. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, Skidmore B, Stone JA, Thompson DR, Oldridge N. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 116 :682 – 692.
32. Zwisler ADO, Soja AMB, Rasmussen S, Frederiksen M, Abadini S, Appel J, Rasmussen H, Gluud C, Iversen L, Sigurd B, Madsen M, Fischer-Hansen J. Hospital-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care among patients with congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or high risk of ischemic heart disease: 12-month results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 2008; 155 :1106 – 1113.
33. Giannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Marchioli R, Maggioni AP, Balestroni G, Ceci V, Chieffo C, Gattone M, Griffo R, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Urbinati S, Valagussa F, Vanuzzo D. Global secondary prevention strategies to limit event recurrence after myocardial infarction: results of the gospel study, a multicenter, randomized controlled trial from the Italian cardiac rehabilitation network. Arch intern med 2008; 168 :2194 – 2204.
34. Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Marburger CH, Grunze M, Ka¨lberer B, Hauer K, Schlierf G, Ku¨bler W, Schuler G. Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:468 – 477.
35. Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Velich T, Hauer K, Marburger C, Kälberer B, Weiss C, von Hodenberg E, Schlierf G, Schuler G, Zimmermann R, Kübler W. Attenuated progression of coronary artery disease after 6 years of multifactorial risk intervention: role of physical exercise. Circulation 1997; 96:2534 – 2541.
36. Belardinelli R, Paolini I, Cianci G, Piva R, Georgiou D, Purcaro A. Exercise training intervention after coronary angioplasty: the ETICA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1891 – 1900.
37. Hambrecht R, Walther C, Möbius-Winkler S, Gielen S, Linke A, Conradi K, Erbs S, Kluge R, Kendziorra K, Sabri O, Sick P, Schuler G. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease - a randomized trail. Circulation 2004; 109 :1371 – 1378.
38. Taylor RS, Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality reductions in patients receiving exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: how much can be attributed to cardiovascular risk factor improvements? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13: 369 – 374.
39. Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, Bittner V, Comoss P, Foody JM, Franklin B, Sanderson B, Southard D. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update. Circulation 2007; 115 :2675 – 2682.
40. EACPR Committee for Science Guidelines, Corrá U, Piepoli MF, Carree F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, Halcox J, Document Review, Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Wood D, Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, McGee H, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Zwisler ADO, Schmid JP. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1967 – 1974.
41. Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, Tjönna AE, Helgerud J, Slordahl SA, Lee SJ, Videm V, Bye A, Smith GL, Najjar SM, Ellingsen O, Skjaerpe T. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients. Circulation 2007; 115 :3086 – 3094.
42. Tjonna AE, Stolen TO, Bye A, Volden M, Slordahl SA, Odegard R, Skogvoll E, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clin Sci 2009;116 : 317 – 326.
43. Warburton DER, McKenzie DC, Haykowsky MJ, Taylor A, Shoemaker P, Ignaszewski AP, Chan SY. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:1080 – 1084.
44. Coppoolse R, Schols AM, Baarends EM, Mostert R, Akkermans MA, Janssen PP, Wouters EF. Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Respir J 1999;14:258 – 263.
45. Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY, Skogvoll E, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation 2008; 118 :346 – 354.
46. Stoylen A, Conraads V, Halle M, Linke A, Prescott E, Ellingsen O. Controlled study of myocardial recovery after interval training in heart failure: SMARTEX-HF—rationale and design. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:813 – 821.
47. Kemi OJ, Wisloff U. Mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements in the con-tractile apparatus of the mammalian myocardium. Acta Physiol 2010; 199 : 425 – 439.
48. Adams V, Döring C, Schuler G. Impact of physical exercise on alterations in the skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure. Front Biosc  2008;13: 302 – 311.
49. Kojda G, Hambrecht R. Molecular mechanisms of vascular adaptations to exer-cise. Physical activity as an effective antioxidant therapy? Cardiovasc Res 2005; 67: 187 – 197.
50. Haram PM, Kemi OJ, Wisloff U. Adaptation of endothelium to exercise training: insights from experimental studies. Front Biosci 2008; 13:336 – 346.
51. Busconi L, Michel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; N-terminal myristoylation determines subcellular localization.J Biol Chem 1993; 268 :8410 – 8413.
52. Kolluru GK, Siamwala JH, Chatterjee S. eNOS phosphorylation in health and disease. Biochimie 2010; 92:1186 – 1198.
53. Ortiz PA, Garvin JL. Trafficking and activation of eNOS in epithelial cells. Acta Physiol Scand 2003; 179 :107 – 114.
54. Boo YC, Sorescu G, Boyd N, Shiojima I, Walsh K, Du J, Jo H. Shear stress stimulates phosphorylation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase at Ser1179 by Akt-independent mechanisms: role of protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2002;277 : 3388 – 3396.
55. Woodman CR, Muller JM, Laughlin MH, Price EM. Induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in coronary resistance arteries isolated from exercise-trained pigs. Am J Physiol 1997; 273 :H2575 – H2579.
56. Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, Linke A, Kränkel N, Shu Y, Baither Y, Gielen S, Gummert JF, Mohr FW, Schuler G. Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2003; 107 :3152 – 3158.
57. Pahakis MY, Kosky JR, Dull RO, Tarbell JM. The role of endothelial glycocalyx components in mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355 :228 – 233.
58. Jin ZG, Wong C, Wu J, Berk BC. Flow shear stress stimulates Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation to mediate protein kinase B and Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280 :12305 – 12309.
59. Yuhanna IS, Zhu Y, Cox BE, Hahner LD, Osborne-Lawrence S, Lu P, Marcel YL, Anderson RG, Mendelsohn ME, Hobbs HH, Shaul PW. High-density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor-BI activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med 2001;7 :853 – 857.
60. Sorrentino SA, Besler C, Rohrer L, Meyer M, Heinrich K, Bahlmann FH, Mueller M, Horvath T, Doerries C, Heinemann M, Flemmer S, Markowski A, Manes C, Bahr MJ, Haller H, von Eckardstein A, Drexler H, Landmesser U. Endothelial-vasoprotective effects of high-density lipoprotein are impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus but are improved after extended-release Niacin therapy. Circulation 2010; 121 :110 – 122.
61. Besler C, Heinrich K, Rohrer L, Doerries C, Riwanto M, Shih DM, Chroni A, Yonekawa K, Stein S, Schaefer N, Mueller M, Akhmedov A, Daniil G, Manes C, Templin C, Wyss C, Maier W, Tanner FC, Matter CM, Corti R, Furlong C, Lusis AJ, von Eckardstein A, Fogelman AM, Lu¨scher TF, Landmesser U. Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 2011;121 :2693 – 2708.
62. Charakida M, Besler C, Batuca JR, Sangle S, Marques S, Sousa M, Wang G, Tousoulis D, Delgado Alves J, Loukogeorgakis SP, Mackworth-Young C, D Cruz D, Luscher T, Landmesser U, Deanfield JE. Vascular abnormalities, para-oxonase activity, and dysfunctional HDL in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. JAMA 2009; 302 :1210 – 1217.
63. Laurindo FR, Pedro Mde A, Barbeiro HV, Pileggi F, Carvalho MH, Augusto O, da Luz PL. Vascular free radical release. Ex vivo and in vivo evidence for a flow-dependent endothelial mechanism. Circ Res 1994; 74:700 – 709.
64. De Keulenaer GW, Chappell DC, Ishizaka N, Nerem RM, Alexander RW, Griendling KK. Oscillatory and steady laminar shear stress differentially affect human endothelial redox state. Role of a superoxide-producing NADH-Oxidase. Circ Res 1998; 82:1094 – 1101.
65. Adams V, Linke A, Kra¨nkel N, Erbs S, Gielen S, Möbius-Winkler S, Gummert JF, Mohr FW, Schuler G, Hambrecht R. Impact of regular physical activity on the NAD(P)H oxidase and angiotensin receptor system in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2005;111 :555 – 562.
66. Inoue N, Ramasamy S, Fukai T, Nerem RM, Harrison DG. Shear stress modulates expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in human aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 1996; 79:32 – 37.
67. Fukai T, Siegfried MR, Ushio-Fukai M, Cheng Y, Kojda G, Harrison DG. Regulation of the vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase by nitric oxide and exercise training. J Clin Invest 2000; 105 :1631 – 1639.
68. Takeshita S, Inoue N, Ueyama T, Kawashima S, Yokoyama M. Shear stress enhances glutathione peroxidase expression in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun2000; 273 :66 – 71.
69. Mueller CF, Widder JD, McNally JS, McCann L, Jones DP, Harrison DG. The role of the multidrug resistance preotein -1 in modulation of endothelial cell oxidative stress. Circ Res 2005; 97:637 – 644.
70. Förstermann U, Münzel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease. Circulation 2006; 113 :1708 – 1714.
71. Widder JD, Chen W, Li L, Dikalov S, Thony B, Hatakeyama K, Harrison DG. Regulation of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis by shear stress. Circ Res 2007; 101 :830 – 838.
72. Richter B, Niessner A, Penka M, Grdic M, Steiner S, Strasser B, Ziegler S, Zorn G, Maurer G, Simeon-Rudolf V, Wojta J, Huber K. Endurance training reduces circulating asymetric dimethylarginine and myeloperoxidase levels in persons at risk of coronary events. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94:1306 – 1311.
73. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angioneogenesis. Science 1997; 275 :964 – 967.
74. Huang NF, Li S. Mesenchymal stem cells for vascular regeneration. Regen Med 2008;3 :877 – 892.
75. Lenk K, Uhlemann M, Schuler G, Adams V. Role of endothelial progenitor cells in the beneficial effects of physical exercise on atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. J Appl Physiol 2011; 111 :321 – 328.
76. Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H. VEG F contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone-marrow endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J 1999; 18:3964 – 3972.
77. Li B, Sharpe EE, Maupin AB, Teleron AA, Pyle AL, Carmeliet P, Young PP. VEGF and PlGF promote adult vasculogenesis by enhancing EPC recruitment and vessel formation at the site of tumor neovascularization. FASEB J 2006; 20: 1495 – 1497.
78. Cheng XW, Kuzuya M, Nakamura K, Maeda K, Tsuzuki M, Kim W, Sasaki T, Liu Z, Inoue N, Kondo T, Jin H, Numaguchi Y, Okumura K, Yokota M, Iguchi A, Murohara T. Mechanisms underlying the impairment of ischemia-induced neovascularization in matrix metalloproteinase 2-deficient mice. Circ Res 2007; 100 :904 – 913.
79. Huang PH, Chen YH, Wang CH, Chen JS, Tsai HY, Lin FY, Lo WY, Wu TC, Sata M, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is essential for ischemia-induced neovascularization by modulating bone marrow-derived endo-thelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1179 – 1184.
80. Lapidot T, Petit I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: The roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:973 – 981.
81. Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, Friedrich M, Ferris B, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Besmer P, Lyden D, Moore MA, Werb Z, Rafii S. Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow nighe requires MMP-9 mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell 2002; 109 :625 – 637.
82. Kalka C, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka-Moll WM, Silver M, Kearney M, Li T, Isner J, Asahara T. Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 3422 – 3427.
83. Sata M. Circulating vascular progenitor cells contribute to vascular repair, re-modeling, and lesion formation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2003;1 3:249 – 253.
84. Sieveking DP, Buckle A, Celermajer DS, Ng MKC. Strikingly different angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cell subpopulations: insights from a novel human angiogenesis assay. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:660 – 668.
85. Urbich C, Aicher A, Heeschen C, Dernbach E, Hofmann WK, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Soluble factors released by endothelial progenitor cells promote migration of endothelial cells and cardiac resident progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 39:733 – 742.
86. Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, Urbich C, Ihling C, Technau-Ihling K, Zeiher A, Dimmeler S. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med 2003; 9 :1370 – 1376.
87. Iwakura A, Shastry S, Luedemann C, Hamada H, Kawamoto A, Kishore R, Zhu Y, Qin G, Silver M, Thorne T, Eaton L, Masuda H, Asahara T, Losordo DW. Estradiol enhances recovery after myocardial infarction by augmenting incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into sites of ischemia-induced neovascularization via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Circulation 2006;113 : 1605 – 1614.
88. Laufs U, Werner N, Link A, Endres M, Wassmann S, Jürgens K, Miche E, Böhm M, Nickenig G. Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibition of neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation 2004;109 : 220 – 226.
89. Askari AT, Unzek S, Popovic ZB, Goldman CK, Forudi F, Kiedrowski M, Rovner A, Ellis SG, Thomas JD, DiCorleto PE, Topol EJ, Penn MS. Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in is-chaemic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2003; 362 :697 – 703.
90. Sandri M, Adams V, Gielen S, Linke A, Lenk K, Krankel N, Lenz D, Erbs S, Scheinert D, Mohr FW, Schuler G, Hambrecht R. Effects of exercise and ischemia on mobilization and functional activation of blood-derived progenitor cells in patients with ischemic syndromes: results of 3 randomized studies. Circulation 2005; 111 :3391 – 3399.
91. Adams V, Heiker JT, Ho¨ llriegel R, Beck EB, Woitek FJ, Erbs S, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Beck-Sickinger AG, Schuler G, Linke A. Adiponectin promotes the migration of circulating angiogenic cells through p38-mediated induction of the CXCR4 receptor. Int J Cardiol 2012. Advance Access published June 6, 2012, doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.056.
92. Shibata R, Skurk C, Ouchi N, Galasso G, Kondo K, Ohashi T, Shimano M, Kihara S, Murohara T, Walsh K. Adiponectin promotes endothelial progenitor cell number and function. FEBS Lett 2008; 582 :1607 – 1612.
93. Arnett DK, Evans GW, Riley WA. Arterial stiffness: a new cardiovascular risk factor? Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140 :669 – 682.
94. Tanaka H, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Absence of age-related increase in central arterial stiffness in physically active women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:127 – 132.
95. Tanaka H, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation 2000; 102 : 1270 – 1275.
96. Fleenor BS, Marshall KD, Durrant JR, Lesniewski LA, Seals DR. Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-ß1-related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise. J Physiol 2010; 588 :3971 – 3982.
97. Nosaka T, Tanaka H, Watanabe I, Sato M, Matsuda M. Influence of regular exercise on age-related changes in arterial elasticity: mechanistic insights from wall compositions in rat aorta. Can J Appl Physiol 2003; 28:201 – 212.
98. Maeda S, Iemitsu M, Miyauchi T, Kuno S, Matsuda M, Tanaka H. Aortic stiffness and aerobic exercise: mechanistic insight from microarray analyses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37:1710 – 1716.
99. Collier SR, Kanaley JA, Carhart R Jr, Frechette V, Tobin MM, Hall AK, Luckenbaugh AN, Fernhall B. Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22:678 – 686.
100. Edwards DG, Schofield RS, Magyari PM, Nichols WW, Braith RW. Effect of exercise training on central aortic pressure wave reflection in coronary artery disease.Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:540 – 543.
101. Basta G, Lazzerini G, Massaro M, Simoncini T, Tanganelli P, Fu C, Kislinger T, Stern DM, Schmidt AM, De Caterina R. Advanced glycation end products activate endothelium through signal-transduction receptor RAGE. Circulation 2002; 105 :816 – 822.
102. Wautier MP, Chappey O, Corda S, Stern DM, Schmidt AM, Wautier JL. Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280 :E685 – E694.
103. Hogan M, Cerami A, Bucala R. Advanced glycosylation endproducts block the antiproliferative effect of nitric oxide. Role in the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1110 – 1115.
104. Chen J, Brodsky SV, Goligorsky DM, Hampel DJ, Li H, Gross SS, Goligorsky MS. Glycated collagen I induces premature senescence-like phenotypic changes in endothelial cells. Circ Res 2002; 90:1290 – 1298.
105. Momma H, Niu K, Kobayashi Y, Guan L, Sato M, Guo H, Chujo M, Otomo A, Yufei C, Tadaura H, Saito T, Mori T, Miyata T, Nagatomi R. Skin advanced glycation end product accumulation and muscle strength among adult men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111 :1545 – 1552.
106. Boor P, Celec P, Behuliak M, Grancicı` P, Kebis A, Kukan M, Pronayova N, Liptaj T, Ostendorf T, Sebekova K. Regular moderate exercise reduces advanced glycation and ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy in obese Zucker rats. Metabolism 2009; 58:1669 – 1677.
107. Choi SY, Chang HJ, Choi SI, Kim KI, Cho YS, Youn TJ, Chung WY, Chae IH, Choi DJ, Kim HS, Kim CH, Oh BH, Kim MH. Long-term exercise training attenuates age-related diastolic dysfunction: association of myocardial collagen cross-linking. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:32 – 39.
108. van Rooij E, Sutherland LB, Liu N, Williams AH, McAnally J, Gerard RD, Richardson JA, Olson EN. A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:18255 – 18260.
109. Thum T, Galuppo P, Wolf C, Fiedler J, Kneitz S, van Laake LW, Doevendans PA, Mummery CL, Borlak J, Haverich A, Gross C, Engelhardt S, Ertl G, Bauersachs J. MicroRNAs in the Human Heart. Circulation 2007; 116 :258 – 267.
110. Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, Galuppo P, Just S, Rottbauer W, Frantz S, Castoldi M, Soutschek J, Koteliansky V, Rosenwald A, Basson MA, Licht JD, Pena JTR, Rouhanifard SH, Muckenthaler MU, Tuschl T, Martin GR, Bauersachs J, Engelhardt S. MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature 2008; 456 : 980 – 984.
111. Da Silva ND, Fernandes T, Soci UP, Monteiro AW, Phillips MI, De Oliveira EM.Swimming training in rats increases cardiac microRNA-126 expression and angiogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc2012; 44:1453 – 1462.
112. Fernandes T, Magalhaes FC, Roque FR, Phillips MI, Oliveira EM. Exercise training prevents the microvascular rarefaction in hypertension balancing angiogenic and apoptotic factors. Hypertension 2012; 59:513 – 520.
113. Soci UPR, Fernandes T, Hashimoto NY, Mota GF, Amadeu MA, Rosa KT, Irigoyen MC, Phillips MI, Oliveira EM. MicroRNAs 29 are involved in the improvement of ventricular compliance promoted by aerobic exercise training in rats. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:665 – 673.
114. Fernandes T, Hashimoto NY, Magalhaes FC, Fernandes FB, Casarini DE, Carmona AK, Krieger JE, Phillips MI, Oliveira EM. Aerobic exercise training- induced left ventricular hypertrophy involves regulatory microRNAs, decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme-angiotensin II, and synergistic regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin (1 – 7). Hypertension 2011; 58:182 – 189.
115. Fish JE, Santoro MM, Morton SU, Yu S, Yeh RF, Wythe JD, Ivey KN, Bruneau BG, Stainier DYR, Srivastava D. miR-126 regulates angiogenic signaling and vascular integrity. Dev Cell 2008; 15:272 – 284.
116. Weber M, Baker MB, Moore JP, Searles CD. MiR-21 is induced in endothelial cells by shear stress and modulates apoptosis and eNOS activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393 :643 – 648.
117. Stevenson JAF, Feleik V, Rechnitzer P, Beaton JR. Effect of exercise on coronary tree size in the rat. Circ Res 1964; 15:265 – 269.
118. Roth DM, White FC, Nichols ML, Dobbs SL, Longhurst JC, Bloor CM. Effect of long-term exercise on regional myocardial function and coronary collateral development after gradual coronary artery occlusion in pigs. Circulation 1990; 82:1778 – 1789.
119. Heaps CL, Parker JL. Effects of exercise training on coronary collateralization and control of collateral resistance. J Appl Physiol 2011; 111 :587 – 598.
120. Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Marburger C, Hauer K, Velich T, von Hodenberg E, Schlierf G, Ku¨bler W, Schuler G. Impact of intensive physical exercise and low-fat diet on collateral vessel formation in stable angina pectoris and angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 76:771 – 775.
121. Zbinden R, Zbinden S, Meier P, Hutter D, Billinger M, Wahl A, Schmid JP, Windecker S, Meier B, Seiler C. Coronary collateral flow in response to endurance exercise training. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14:250 – 257.
122. Heil M, Schaper W. Influence of mechanical, cellular, and molecular factors on collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). Circ Res 2004; 95:449 – 458.
123. Kersten JR, Pagel PS, Chilian WM, Warltier DC. Multifactorial basis for coronary collateralization: a complex adaptive response to ischemia. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 43:44 – 57.
124. Thomas KA. Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent and selective angiogenic agent. J Biol Chem 1996; 271 :603 – 606.
125. Lu X, Wu T, Huang P, Lin S, Qiu F, Meng XB, Gao J, Li JA. Effect and mechanism of intermittent myocardial ischemia induced by exercise on coronary collateral formation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 87:803 – 814.
126. O‘Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, Keteyian SJ, Cooper LS, Ellis SJ, Leifer ES, Kraus WE, Kitzman DW, Blumenthal JA, Rendall DS, Miller NH, Fleg JL, Schulman KA, McKelvie RS, Zannad F, Pina IL. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: Hf-action randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 301 :1439 – 1450.
127. Conraads VM, Deaton C, Piotrowicz E, Santaularia N, Tierney S, Piepoli MF, Pieske B, Schmid JP, Dickstein K, Ponikowski PP, Jaarsma T. Adherence of heart failure patients to exercise: barriers and possible solutions. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:451 – 458.
128. Jiles R, Hughes E, Murphy W, Flowers N, McCracken M, Roberts H, Ochner M, Balluz L, Mokdad A, Elam-Evans L, Giles W. Surveillance for certain health behaviors among states and selected local areas – Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2003. MMWR Surveill Summ 2005; 54:1 – 116.
129. Increasing physical activity. A report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50:1 – 14.
130. Huffman MD, Capewell S, Ning H, Shay CM, Ford ES, Lloyd-Jones DM. Cardiovascular health behavior and health factor changes (1988 2 2008) and projections to 2020 / clinical perspective. Circulation 2012; 125 :2595 – 2602.
131. Leijon ME, Faskunger J, Bendtsen P, Festin K, Nilsen P. Who is not adhering to physical activity referrals, and why? Scand J Prim Health Care 2011; 29:234 – 240.
132. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJR, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, Gutin B, Hergenroeder AC, Must A, Nixon PA, Pivarnik JM, Rowland T, Trost S, Trudeau F. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr 2005; 146 :732 – 737.
133. Cardon GM, De Bourdeaudhuij IM. Are preschool children active enough? Objectively measured physical activity levels. Res Q Exerc Sport 2008; 79:326 – 332.
134. Reilly JJ. Low levels of objectively measured physical activity in preschoolers in child care. Med Sci Sports Exerc2010; 42:502 – 507.
135. Steinbeck KS. The importance of physical activity in the prevention of over-weight and obesity in childhood: a review and an opinion. Obes Rev 2001;2 :117 – 130.
136. Zahner L, Puder J, Roth R, Schmid M, Guldimann R, Puhse U, Knopfli M, Braun-Fahrlander C, Marti B, Kriemler S. A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6 – 13 years (‘Kinder-Sportstudie KISS’): study design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN15360785]. BMC Public Health 2006; 6 :147.
137. Walther C, Gaede L, Adams V, Gelbrich G, Leichtle A, Erbs S, Sonnabend M, Fikenzer K, Korner A, Kiess W, Bruegel M, Thiery J, Schuler G. Effect of increased exercise in school children on physical fitness and endothelial progenitor cells: a prospective randomized trial. Circulation 2009; 120 :2251 – 2259.
138. Corte de Araujo AC, Roschel H, Picano AR, do Prado DML, Villares SMF, de Sa Pinto ALc, Gualano B. Similar health benefits of endurance and high-intensity interval training in obese children. PLoS One 2012;7 :e42747.
139. Baquet G, Gamelin FX, Mucci P, Thévenet D, Van Praagh E, Berthoin S. Continuous vs. interval aerobic training in 8- to 11-year-old children. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:1381 – 1388.
140. Joyner MJ. Standing up for exercise: should deconditioning be medicalized? J Physiol 2012;590 :3413 – 3414. 

 

Comentarios

Para ver los comentarios de sus colegas o para expresar su opinión debe ingresar con su cuenta de IntraMed.

AAIP RNBD
Términos y condiciones de uso | Política de privacidad | Todos los derechos reservados | Copyright 1997-2024