Manipulación menstrual

Referencias
1. A ssociation of Reproductive Health Professionals. Extended and continuous use of contraceptives to
reduce menstruation. September 2004. http://www.arhp.org/ publications-and-resources/clinicalproceedings/
reduce-menses. Accessed May 17, 2010.
2. Kjerulff KH, Erickson BA , Langenberg PW. Chronic gynaecological conditions reported by US women:
findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1984 to 1992. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:195–199.
3. Thomas SL, Ellertson C. Nuisance or natural and healthy: should monthly menstruation be optional for
women? Lancet 2000; 355:922–924.
4. Connell EB . Contraception in the prepill era. Contraception 1999; 59(suppl 1):7S–10S. 5. Marks LV.
Sexual chemistry: a history of the contraceptive pill. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
6. L oudon NB, Foxwell M, Potts DM, Guild AL , Short RV. Acceptability of an oral contraceptive that
reduces the frequency of menstruation: the tri-cycle pill regimen. Br Med J 1977; 2:487–490.
7. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE , Waldrop E, Holleman S, Kuehl TJ. Extending the duration of active oral
contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:179–183.
8. Long-term reversible contraception. Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C.
Contraception 1997; 56:341–352.
9. Miller L, Notter KM. Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills:
randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98:771–778.
10. Mulders TM, Dieben TO. Use of the novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing for ovulation
inhibition. Fertil Steril 2001; 75:865–870.
11. Stanford JB, Mikolajczyk RT. Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: update and estimation of
postfertilization effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:1699–1708.
12. A nderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive.
Contraception 2003; 68:89–96.
13. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdra al bleeding: a
randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:653–661.
14. Sillem M, Schneidereit R, Heithecker R, Mueck AO. Use of an oral contraceptive containing
drospirenone in an extended regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2003; 8:162–169.
15. Miller L, Verhoeven CH, Hout J. Extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring: a randomized
trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:473–482.
16. Stewart FH, Kaunitz AM, Laguardia KD, Karvois DL, Fisher AC, Friedman AJ. Extended use of
transdermal norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:1389–1396.
17. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Coffee A, Willis S. Prospective analysis of occurrence and management of
breakthrough bleeding during an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;
195:935–941.
18. L ukes AS, Reardon B, Arepally G. Use of the levonorgestrel– releasing intrauterine system in women
with hemostatic disorders. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:673–677.
19. A nderson FD, Feldman R, Reape KZ. Endometrial effects of a 91-day extended-regimen oral
contraceptive with low-dose estrogen in place of placebo. Contraception 2008; 77:91–96.
20. Wright KP Johnson JV. Evaluation of extended and
continuous use oral contraceptives. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2008; 4:905–911.
21. E delman AB , Gallo MF, Jensen JT, Nichols MD, Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Continuous or extended
cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;
3:CD004695.
22. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL . Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral
contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2002; 186:1142–1149.
23. Turok D. The quest for better contraception: future methods. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007;
34:137–166.
24. B ergqvist A, Rybo G. Treatment of menorrhagia with intrauterine release of progesterone. Br J Obstet
Gynaecol 1983; 90:255–258.
25. A ndersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during
five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49:56–72.
26. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Additional Use for IUD Mirena to Treat Heavy
Menstrual Bleeding in IUD Users.
http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm184747.htm. Accessed May 17,
2010.
27. Hidalgo M, Bahamondes L, Perrotti M, Diaz J, Dantas-Monteiro C, Petta C. Bleeding patterns and
clinical performance of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years.
Contraception 2002;65:129–132.
28. Schwallie PC, Assenzo JR. Contraceptive use—efficacy study utilizing medroxyprogesterone acetate
administered as an intramuscular injection once every 90 days. Fertil Steril 1973; 24:331–339.29. Kaunitz
AM. Injectable contraception. New and existing options. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000; 27:741–780.
30. Mainwaring R, Hales HA, Stevenson K, et al. Metabolic parameter, bleeding, and weight changes in
US women using progestin only contraceptives. Contraception 1995;51:149–153.
31. Curtis KM, Martins SL. Progestogen-only contraception and bone mineral density: a systematic review.
Contraception 2006; 73:470–487.
32. Shaarawy M, El-Mallah SY, Seoudi S, Hassan M, Mohsen IA. Effects of the long-term use of depot
medroxyprogesterone acetate as hormonal contraceptive on bone mineral density and biochemical
markers of bone remodeling. Contraception 2006; 74:297–302.
33. Cromer BA , Bonny AE , Stager M, et al. Bone mineral density in adolescent females using injectable
or oral contraceptives: a 24-month prospective study. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:2060–2067.
34. Rome E, Ziegler J, Secic M, et al. Bone biochemical markers in adolescent girls using either depot
medroxyprogesterone acetate or an oral contraceptive. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004; 17:373–377.
35. More C, Bettembuk P, Bhattoa HP, Balogh A. The effects of pregnancy and lactation on bone mineral
density. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12:732–737.
36. Kaunitz AM, Miller PD, Rice VM, Ross D, McClung MR. Bone mineral density in women aged 25-35
years receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: recovery following discontinuation. Contraception
2006; 74:90–99.
37. Guilbert ER, Brown JP, Kaunitz AM, et al. The use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in
contraception and its potential impact on skeletal health. Contraception 2009; 79:167–177.
38. B onny AE , Ziegler J, Harvey R, Debanne SM, Secic M, Cromer BA . Weight gain in obese and
nonobese adolescent girls initiating depot medroxyprogesterone, oral contraceptive pills, or no hormonal
contraceptive method. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:40–45.
39. van den Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJ, Alnabawy AK, Kaptein MC. Comparison of ethinylestradiol
pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch
and an oral contraceptive. Contraception 2005; 72:168–174.
40. Douketis JD, Ginsberg JS, Holbrook A, Crowther M, Duku EK, Burrows RF. A reevaluation of the risk
for venous thromboembolism with the use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Arch
Intern Med 1997; 157:1522–1530.
41. Cole JA, Norman H, Doherty M, Walker AM. Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and
stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109:339–346.
42. Jick S, Kaye JA, Li L, Jick H. Further results on the risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in users
of the contraceptive transdermal patch compared to users of oral contraceptives containing norgestimate
and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2007; 76:4–7.
43. World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 3rd ed. Geneva:
Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization; 2004.
44. Dieben TO, Roumen FJ, Apter D. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined
contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:585–593.
45. Davies GC, Feng LX, Newton JR, Dieben TO, Coelingh- Bennink HJ. The effects of a combined
contraceptive vaginal
ring releasing ethinyloestradiol and 3-ketodesogestrel on vaginal flora. Contraception 1992; 45:511–518.
46. Roumen FJ, Boon ME, van Velzen D, Dieben TO, Coelingh Bennink HJ. The cervico-vaginal
epithelium during 20 cycles’ use of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Hum Reprod 1996; 11:2443–
2448.
47. Wenzl R, van Beek A, Schnabel P, Huber J. Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel released from the
contraceptive implant Implanon. Contraception 1998; 58:283–288.
48. Darney P, Patel A, Rosen K, Shapiro LS, Kaunitz AM. Safety and efficacy of a single-rod etonogestrel
implant (Implanon): results from 11 international clinical trials. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:1646–1653.
49. Jensen JT, Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000;
27:705–721.
50. Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frascà C, et al. Long-term cyclic and continuous oral contraceptive therapy
and endometrioma recurrence: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:52–56.
51. Falsetti L, Dordoni D, Gastaldi C, Gastaldi A. A new association of ethinylestradiol (0.035 mg)
cyproterone acetate (2 mg) in the therapy of polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Eur Fertil 1986; 17:19–25.
52. Koltun W, Lucky AW, Thiboutot D, et al. Efficacy and safety of 3 mg drospirenone/20 mcg
ethinylestradiol oral contraceptive administered in 24/4 regimen in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Contraception 2008; 77:249–256.
53. Kadir RA, Sabin CA, Pollard D, Lee CA, Economides DL. Quality of life during menstruation in patients
with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 1998; 4:836–841.
54. Schneider MB, Fisher M, Friedman SB, Bijur PE, Toffler AP. Menstrual and premenstrual issues in
female military cadets: a unique population with significant concerns. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1999;
12:195–201.
55. B ennell K, White S, Crossley K. The oral contraceptive pill: a revolution for sportswomen? Br J Sports
Med 1999; 33:231–238.
56. Kaplowitz PB, Oberfield SE. Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in
girls in the United States: implications for evaluation and treatment. Drug and Therapeutics and Executive
Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Pediatrics 1999; 104:936–941.
57. Roxburgh DR, West MJ. The use of norethisterone to suppress menstruation in the intellectually
severely retarded woman. Med J Aust 1973; 2:310–313.
58. E gan TM, Siegert RJ, Fairley NA. Use of hormonal contraceptives in an institutional setting: reasons
for use, consent and safety in women with psychiatric and intellectual disabilities. N Z Med J 1993;
106:338–341.
59. Pillai M, O’Brien K, Hill E. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena) for the treatment of
menstrual problems in adolescents with medical disorders, or physical or learning disabilities. BJOG 2010;
117:216–221.
60. A rcher DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, Borisute H, Grubb GS, Constantine GD. Evaluation of a
continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006; 74:439–
445.
61. Kroll R, Reape KZ, Margolis M. The efficacy and safety of a low-dose, 91-day, extended-regimen oral
contraceptive with continuous ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2010; 81:41–48.
62. A rcher DF. Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: a review of the rationale for continuous use of oral
contraceptives. Contraception 2006; 74:359–366.
63. den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation
to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception
1999;59:357–362.
64. E delman A, Lew R, Cwiak C, Nichols M, Jensen J. Acceptability of contraceptive-induced amenorrhea
in a racially diverse group of US women. Contraception 2007; 75:450–453.
65. Gerschultz KL, Sucato GS, Hennon TR, Murray PJ, Gold MA. Extended cycling of combined hormonal
contraceptives in adolescents: physician views and prescribing practices. J Adolesc Health 2007; 40:151–
157.
66. Frankovich RJ, Lebrun CM. Menstrual cycle, contraception, and performance. Clin Sports Med 2000;
19:251–271.
67. Speroff L, Darney PD. A Clinical Guide for Contraception. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2005.
68. Kaunitz AM. Long-acting contraceptive options. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1996; 41:69–76.
69. US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry Labeling for Combined Oral Contraceptives,
2004. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/
Guidances/ucm075075.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2010.