Agentes antitiroideos

Solomon B, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Wartofsky L. Current trends in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1518-1524. [Abstract]
Wartofsky L, Glinoer D, Solomon B, et al. Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves' disease in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Thyroid 1991;1:129-135. [Medline]
Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidence-based approach to therapeutic controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3474-3481. [Free Full Text]
Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1353-1362. [Abstract]
Marchant B, Alexander WD, Robertson JWK, Lazarus JH. Concentration of 35S-propylthiouracil by the thyroid gland and its relationship to anion trapping mechanism. Metabolism 1971;20:989-999. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Davidson B, Soodak M, Neary JT, et al. The irreversible inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by methylmercaptoimidazole, thiouracil, and propylthiouracil in vitro and its relationship to in vivo findings. Endocrinology 1978;103:871-882. [Abstract]
Taurog A. Hormone synthesis and secretion. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:47-80.
McGregor AM, Petersen MM, McLachlan SM, Rooke P, Smith BR, Hall R. Carbimazole and the autoimmune response in Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 1980;303:302-307. [Abstract]
Sonnet E, Massart C, Gibassier J, Allannic H, Maugendre D. Longitudinal study of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sera of patients with Graves' disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1999;22:430-435. [ISI][Medline]
Tsatsoulis A, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Dalekos GN, Johnson EO, Moutsopoulos HM. Increased serum interleukin-1 beta during treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs. Eur J Clin Invest 1995;25:654-658. [Erratum, Eur J Clin Invest 1996:26:341.] [ISI][Medline]
Salvi M, Girasole G, Pedrazzoni M, et al. Increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor in patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2976-2979. [Abstract]
Mitsiades N, Poulaki V, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Chrousos GP, Koutras DA. Fas ligand expression in thyroid follicular cells from patients with thionamide-treated Graves' disease. Thyroid 2000;10:527-532. [ISI][Medline]
Zantut-Wittmann DE, Tambascia MA, da Silva Trevisan MA, Pinto GA, Vassallo J. Antithyroid drugs inhibit in vivo HLA-DR expression in thyroid follicular cells in Graves' disease. Thyroid 2001;11:575-580. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Totterman TH, Karlsson FA, Bengtsson M, Mendel-Hartvig I. Induction of circulating activated suppressor-like T cells by methimazole therapy for Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 1987;316:15-22. [Abstract]
Wang PW, Luo SF, Huang BY, Lin JD, Huang MJ. Depressed natural killer activity in Graves' disease and during antithyroid medication. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988;28:205-214. [ISI][Medline]
Corrales JJ, Lopez A, Ciudad J, Mories MT, Miralles JM, Orfao A. Methimazole therapy in Graves' disease influences the abnormal expression of CD69 (early activation antigen) on T cells. J Endocrinol 1997;155:491-500. [Abstract]
Volpe R. The immunomodulatory effects of anti-thyroid drugs are mediated via actions on thyroid cells, affecting thyrocyte-immunocyte signalling: a review. Curr Pharm Des 2001;7:451-460. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Davies TF, Weiss I, Gerber MA. Influence of methimazole on murine thyroiditis: evidence for immunosuppression in vivo. J Clin Invest 1984;73:397-404. [ISI][Medline]
Reinhardt W, Appel MC, Alex S, Yang YN, Braverman LE. The inhibitory effect of large doses of methimazole on iodine induced lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody titers in BB/Wor rats. J Endocrinol Invest 1989;12:559-563. [ISI][Medline]
Wilson R, McKillop JH, Pearson C, Burnett AK, Thomson JA. Differential immunosuppressive action of carbimazole and propylthiouracil. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;73:312-315. [ISI][Medline]
Cooper DS, Saxe VC, Meskell M, Maloof F, Ridgway EC. Acute effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on thyroidal iodide organification and peripheral iodothyronine deiodination: correlation with serum PTU levels measured by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54:101-107. [ISI][Medline]
Cooper DS, Bode HH, Nath B, Saxe V, Maloof F, Ridgway EC. Methimazole pharmacology in man: studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:473-479. [Abstract]
Barnes HV, Bledsoe T. A simple test for selecting the thioamide schedule in thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972;35:250-255. [ISI][Medline]
Jansson R, Dahlberg PA, Johansson H, Lindstrom B. Intrathyroidal concentrations of methimazole in patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:129-132. [Abstract]
McCruden DC, Hilditch TE, Connell JMC, McLellan AR, Robertson J, Alexander WD. Duration of antithyroid action of methimazole estimated with an intravenous perchlorate discharge test. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987;26:33-39. [ISI][Medline]
Mashio Y, Beniko M, Ikota A, Mizumoto H, Kunita H. Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a small single daily dose of methimazole. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1988;119:139-144. [Medline]
Nicholas WC, Fischer RG, Stevenson RA, Bass JD. Single daily dose of methimazole compared to every 8 hours propylthiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. South Med J 1995;88:973-976. [ISI][Medline]
Hoffman WH, Miceli JN. Pharmacokinetics of propylthiouracil in children and adolescents with Graves' disease in the hyperthyroid and euthyroid states. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1988;11:73-81. [ISI][Medline]
Kampmann JP, Mortensen HB, Bach B, Waldorff S, Kristensen MB, Hansen JM. Kinetics of propylthiouracil in the elderly. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1979;624:93-98. [Medline]
Jansson R, Lindstrom B, Dahlberg PA. Pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of methimazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985;10:443-450. [ISI][Medline]
Cooper DS, Steigerwalt S, Migdal S. Pharmacology of propylthiouracil in thyrotoxicosis and chronic renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:785-786. [Abstract]
Giles HG, Roberts EA, Orrego H, Sellers EM. Determination of free propylthiouracil clearance and single sample prediction of steady state. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982;34:62-64. [ISI][Medline]
Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Torring O, et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1733-1738. [Abstract]
Torring O, Tallstedt L, Wallin G, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism: treatment with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine -- a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2986-2993. [Abstract]
Ljunggren JG, Torring O, Wallin G, et al. Quality of life aspects and costs in treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: results from a prospective, randomized study. Thyroid 1998;8:653-659. [ISI][Medline]
Andrade VA, Gross JL, Maia AL. Effect of methimazole pretreatment on the efficacy of radioactive iodine therapy in Graves' hyperthyroidism: one-year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3488-3493. [Free Full Text]
Nakazato N, Yoshida K, Mori K, et al. Antithyroid drugs inhibit radioiodine-induced increases in thyroid autoantibodies in hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Thyroid 1999;9:775-779. [ISI][Medline]
Singer PA, Cooper DS, Levy EG, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Standards of Care Committee, American Thyroid Association. JAMA 1995;273:808-812. [Abstract]
Kallner G, Vitols S, Ljunggren JG. Comparison of standardized initial doses of two antithyroid drugs in the treatment of Graves' disease. J Intern Med 1996;239:525-529. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Homsanit M, Sriussadaporn S, Vannasaeng S, Peerapatdit T, Nitiyanant W, Vichayanrat A. Efficacy of single daily dosage of methimazole vs. propylthiouracil in the induction of euthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;54:385-390. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
He CT, Hsieh AT, Pei D, et al. Comparison of single daily dose of methimazole and propylthiouracil in the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;60:676-681. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
DestinationRx home page. (Accessed January 13, 2005, at http://www.destinationrx.com.)
Reinwein D, Benker G, Lazarus JH, Alexander WD. A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves' disease therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:1516-1521. [Abstract]
Page SR, Sheard CE, Herbert M, Hopton M, Jeffcoate WJ. A comparison of 20 or 40 mg per day of carbimazole in the initial treatment of hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45:511-516. [Erratum, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;46:240.] [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Hegedüs L, Hansen JM, Bech K, et al. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves' disease with goitre growth, low thyroxine and increasing triiodothyronine during PTU treatment. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1984;107:482-488. [Medline]
Schleusener H, Schwander J, Fischer C, et al. Prospective multicentre study on the prediction of relapse after antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves' disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:689-701. [Erratum, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;121:304.] [Medline]
Vitti P, Rago T, Chiovato L, et al. Clinical features of patients with Graves' disease undergoing remission after antithyroid drug treatment. Thyroid 1997;7:369-375. [ISI][Medline]
Benker G, Rienwein D, Kahaly G, et al. Is there a methimazole dose effect on remission rate in Graves' disease? Results from a long-term prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:451-457. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Michelangeli V, Poon C, Taft J, Newnham H, Topliss D, Colman P. The prognostic value of thyrotropin receptor antibody measurement in the early stages of treatment of Graves' disease with antithyroid drugs. Thyroid 1998;8:119-124. [ISI][Medline]
Fukao A, Takamatsu J, Murakami Y, et al. The relationship of psychological factors to the prognosis of hyperthyroidism in antithyroid drug-treated patients with Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:550-555. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Feldt-Rasmussen U, Schleusener H, Carayon P. Meta-analysis evaluation of the impact of thyrotropin receptor antibodies on long-term remission after medical therapy of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:98-102. [Abstract]
Schott M, Morgenthaler NG, Fritzen R, et al. Levels of autoantibodies against human TSH receptor predict relapse of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease. Horm Metab Res 2004;36:92-96. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Nedrebo BG, Holm PI, Uhlving S, et al. Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;147:583-589. [Abstract]
Teng CS, Yeung RTT. Changes in thyroid-stimulating antibody activity in Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drug and its relationship to relapse: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;50:144-147. [Abstract]
Werner RS, Romaldini JH, Farah CS, Werner MC, Bromberg N. Serum thyroid stimulating antibody, thyroglobulin levels, and thyroid suppressibility measurement as predictors of the outcome of combined methimazole and triiodothyronine therapy in Graves' disease. Thyroid 1991;1:293-299. [Medline]
Jorde R, Ytre-Arne K, Stormer J, Sunds-fjord J. Short-term treatment of Graves' disease with methimazole in high versus low doses. J Intern Med 1995;238:161-165. [ISI][Medline]
Wilson R, Buchanan L, Fraser WD, McKippop JH, Thomsen JA. Do higher doses of carbimazole improve remission in Graves' disease? QJM 1996;89:381-385. [Abstract]
Grebe SKG, Feek CM, Ford HC, et al. A randomized trial of short-term treatment of Graves' disease with high-dose carbimazole plus thyroxine versus low-dose carbimazole. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;48:585-592. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Paschke R, Vogg M, Kristoferitsch R, et al. Methimazole has no dose-related effect on the intensity of the intrathyroidal autoimmune process in relapsing Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2470-2474. [Abstract]
Allannic H, Fauchet R, Orgiazzi J, et al. Antithyroid drugs and Graves' disease: a prospective randomized evaluation of the efficacy of treatment duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:675-679. [Abstract]
Garcia-Mayor RVG, Paramo C, LunaCano R, Perez Mendez LF, Galofre JC, Andrade A. Antithyroid drug and Graves' hyperthyroidism: significance of treatment duration and TRAb determination on lasting remission. J Endocrinol Invest 1992;15:815-820. [ISI][Medline]
Maugendre D, Gatel A, Campion L, et al. Antithyroid drugs and Graves' disease -- prospective randomized assessment of long-term treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:127-132. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Abraham P, Avenell A, Watson WA, Park CM, Bevan JS. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:CD003420-CD003420. [Medline]
Slingerland DW, Burrows BA. Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism. JAMA 1979;242:2408-2410. [Abstract]
Hashizume K, Ichikawa I, Sakurai A, et al. Administration of thyroxine in treated Graves' disease: effects on the level of antibodies to