Fisiológica, patológica o inducida por fármacos | 31 OCT 16

Ginecomastia

La ginecomastia es el agrandamiento mamario producido por la proliferación benigna de tejido mamario glandular en varones.
Autor/a: Thiruchelvam P, Walker JV, Rose K BMJ 2016; 354
INDICE:  1. Página 1 | 2. Página 1
Página 1

REFERENCIAS

1 Wise GJ, Roorda AK, Kalter R. Male breast disease. J Am Coll Surg 2005;200:255-69. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.09.042 pmid:15664102.

2 Braunstein GD. Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1229-37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677 pmid:17881754.

3 Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:961-2. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0093 pmid:20884830.

4 Niewoehner CB, Nuttal FQ. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population. Am J Med 1984;77:633-8. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90353-X pmid:6486139.

5 Williams MJ. Gynecomastia. Its incidence, recognition and host characterization in 447 autopsy cases. Am J Med 1963;34:103-12. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(63)90044-5 pmid:14000906.

6 Andersen JA, Gram JB. Gynecomasty: histological aspects in a surgical material. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A 1982;90:185-90.pmid:6285666.

7 Dixon JM. Breast surgery. Fifth edition. ed. Edinburgh; London: Saunders Elsevier, 2014.

8 Rosen H, Webb ML, DiVasta AD, et al. Adolescent gynecomastia: not only an obesity issue. Ann Plast Surg 2010;64:688-90.pmid:20395797.

9 Sher ES, Migeon CJ, Berkovitz GD. Evaluation of boys with marked breast development at puberty. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1998;37:367-71. doi:10.1177/000992289803700606 pmid:9637901.

10 Yazici M, Sahin M, Bolu E, et al. Evaluation of breast enlargement in young males and factors associated with gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia. Ir J Med Sci 2010;179:575-83. doi:10.1007/s11845-009-0345-1 pmid:19495841.

11 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA 2010;303:242-9. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2012 pmid:20071470.

12 Narula HS, Carlson HE. Gynaecomastia—pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014;10:684-98. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139 pmid:25112235.

13 Travison TG, Araujo AB, Kupelian V, O’Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. The relative contributions of aging, health, and lifestyle factors to serum testosterone decline in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:549-55. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1859 pmid:17148559.

14 Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:724-31. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219 pmid:11158037.

15 McLeod DG, Iversen P. Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a review of treatment options. Urology 2000;56:713-20. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00823-2 pmid:11068286.

16 Ismail AA, Barth JH. Endocrinology of gynaecomastia. Ann Clin Biochem 2001;38:596-607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993 pmid:11732643.

17 McKiernan JF, Hull D. Breast development in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:525-9. doi:10.1136/adc.56.7.525 pmid:7271286.

18 Jayasinghe Y, Cha R, Horn-Ommen J, O’Brien P, Simmons PS. Establishment of normative data for the amount of breast tissue present in healthy children up to two years of age. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010;23:305-11. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2010.03.002 pmid:20493740.

19 Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH Jr, , Rawson RW. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys. JAMA 1961;178:449-54. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.03040440001001 pmid:14480779.

20 Georgiadis E, Papandreou L, Evangelopoulou C, et al. Incidence of gynaecomastia in 954 young males and its relationship to somatometric parameters. Ann Hum Biol 1994;21:579-87. doi:10.1080/03014469400003582 pmid:7840497.

21 Nordt CA, DiVasta AD. Gynecomastia in adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20:375-82.doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07c pmid:18622190.

22 Akgül S, Kanbur N, Derman O. Pubertal gynecomastia: what about the remaining 10%?J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014;27:1027-8. doi:10.1515/jpem-2014-0017 pmid:24859510.

23 Ma NS, Geffner ME. Gynecomastia in prepubertal and pubertal men. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20:465-70. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328305e415 pmid:18622206.

24 Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA. Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia. J Pediatr 1990;116:450-5. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05) 82843-4 pmid:2137877.

25 LaFranchi SH, Parlow AF, Lippe BM, Coyotupa J, Kaplan SA. Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation of serum estradiol level. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:927-31.pmid: 1163504.

26 Nuzzi LC, Cerrato FE, Erickson CR, et al. Psychosocial impact of adolescent gynecomastia: a prospective case-control study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:890-6. doi:10.1097/PRS. 0b013e3182818ea8 pmid:23542261.

27 Lazala C, Saenger P. Pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15:553-60. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.5.553 pmid:12014513.

28 Schonfeld WA. Gynecomastia in adolescence: effect on body image and personality adaptation. Psychosom Med 1962;24:379-89. doi:10.1097/00006842-196200700-00008 pmid:13909166.

29 El Noamani S, Thabet AM, Enab AA, Shaeer O, El-Sadat A. High grade gynecomastia: surgical correction and potential impact on erectile function. J Sex Med 2010;7:2273-9.doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01721.x pmid:20233285.

30 Kinsella C Jr, , Landfair A, Rottgers SA, et al. The psychological burden of idiopathic adolescent gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:1-7. doi:10.1097/PRS. 0b013e3182361efd pmid:21915084.

31 Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR, et al. European Male Aging Study Group. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2737-45. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1972 pmid:18270261.

32 Lee DM, Pye SR, Tajar A, et al. EMAS study group. Cohort profile: the European Male Ageing Study. Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:391-401. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr234 pmid:22314965.

33 Bowman JD, Kim H, Bustamante JJ. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy 2012;32:1123-40. doi:10.1002/phar.1138 pmid:23165798.

34 Dickson G. Gynecomastia. Am Fam Physician 2012;85:716-22.pmid:22534349.

35 Nuttall FQ, Warrier RS, Gannon MC. Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015;71:569-78. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1835-x pmid:25827472.

36 Karavolos S, Reynolds M, Panagiotopoulou N, McEleny K, Scally M, Quinton R. Male central hypogonadism secondary to exogenous androgens: a review of the drugs and protocols highlighted by the online community of users for prevention and/or mitigation of adverse effects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015;82:624-32. doi:10.1111/cen.12641 pmid:25333666.

37 Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, et al. Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics 2010;125:e122-9. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0724 pmid:20008419.

38 Smyth CM, Bremner WJ. Klinefelter syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1309-14. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.12.1309. pmid:9645824.

39 Muthusamy E. Hyperthyroidism with gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea and periodic paralysis. Singapore Med J 1991;32:371-2.pmid:1788590.

40 Becker KL, Winnacker JL, Matthews MJ, Higgins GA Jr. Gynecomastia and hyperthyroidism. An endocrine and histological investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968;28:277-85. doi:10.1210/jcem-28-2-277 pmid:5636154.

41 Tan YK, Birch CR, Valerio D. Bilateral gynaecomastia as the primary complaint in hyperthyroidism. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2001;46:176-7.pmid:11478017.

42 Sansone A, Romanelli F, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Gynecomastia and hormones. Endocrine 2016. Published online 4 May. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-0975-9 pmid:27145756.

43 Jayapaul M, Williams MR, Davies DP, Large DM. Recurrent painful unilateral gynaecomastia-interactions between hyperthyroidism and hypogonadism. Andrologia 2006;38:31-3. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00681.x pmid:16420240.

44 Chan WB, Yeung VT, Chow CC, So WY, Cockram CS. Gynaecomastia as a presenting feature of thyrotoxicosis. Postgrad Med J 1999;75:229-31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.75.882.229 pmid:10715765.

45 Iglesias P, Carrero JJ, Díez JJ. Gonadal dysfunction in men with chronic kidney disease: clinical features, prognostic implications and therapeutic options. J Nephrol 2012;25:31-42.doi:10.5301/JN.2011.8481 pmid:21748720.

46 Hendry WS, Garvie WH, Ah-See AK, Bayliss AP. Ultrasonic detection of occult testicular neoplasms in patients with gynaecomastia. Br J Radiol 1984;57:571-2. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-57-679-571 pmid:6733403.

47 Hernes EH, Harstad K, Fosså . Changing incidence and delay of testicular cancer in southern Norway (1981-1992). Eur Urol 1996;30:349-57.pmid:8931969.

48 Daniels IR, Layer GT. Testicular tumours presenting as gynaecomastia. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003;29:437-9. doi:10.1016/S0748-7983(03)00004-0 pmid:12798747.

49 Harris M, Rizvi S, Hindmarsh J, Bryan R. Testicular tumour presenting as gynaecomastia. BMJ 2006;332:837. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7545.837 pmid:16601045.

50 Dundar B, Dundar N, Erci T, Bober E, Büyükgebiz A. Leptin levels in boys with pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18:929-34. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.10.929 pmid:16355805.

51 Nuttall FQ. Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;48:338-40. doi:10.1210/jcem-48-2-338 pmid:429488.

52 Wassersug RJ, Oliffe JL. The social context for psychological distress from iatrogenic gynecomastia with suggestions for its management. J Sex Med 2009;6:989-1000. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01053.x pmid:19175864.

 

Comentarios

Para ver los comentarios de sus colegas o para expresar su opinión debe ingresar con su cuenta de IntraMed.

CONTENIDOS RELACIONADOS
AAIP RNBD
Términos y condiciones de uso | Política de privacidad | Todos los derechos reservados | Copyright 1997-2024