Diabetes, función renal y prevención durante el embarazo

1. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271-281.

2. Deputy NP, Kim SY, Conrey EJ, Bullard KM. Prevalence and Changes in Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Among Women Who Had a Live Birth - United States, 2012-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(43): 1201-1207.

3. Schaefer-Graf U, Napoli A, Nolan CJ, Group DPS. Diabetes in pregnancy: a new decade of challenges ahead. Diabetologia. 2018;61(5):1012-1021.

4. Murphy HR, Bell R, Cartwright C, et al. Improved pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes but substantial clinic-to-clinic variations: a prospective nationwide study. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1668-1677.

5. Persson M, Norman M, Hanson U. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a large, population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(11):2005-2009.

6. Evers IM, de Valk HW, Mol BW, ter Braak EW, Visser GH. Macrosomia despite good glycaemic control in type I diabetic pregnancy; results of a nationwide study in The Netherlands. Diabetologia. 2002;45(11):1484-1489.

7. Owens LA, Sedar J, Carmody L, Dunne F. Comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy d similar conditions or is a separate approach required? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15:69.

8. Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Gich I, Corcoy R. Maternal and fetal outcome in women with type 2 versus type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4284-4291.

9. American Diabetes Association. (2) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes d 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(suppl 1):S14-S31.

10. O'Sullivan EP, Avalos G, O'Reilly M, et al. Atlantic diabetes in pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of  estational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologia. 2011;54(7):1670-1675.

11. Lowe WL, Scholtens DM, Lowe LP, et al. Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity. JAMA. 2018;320(10):1005-1016.

12. Scholtens DM, Kuang A, Lowe LP, et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(3):381-392.

13. Pitchika A, Jolink M, Winkler C, et al. Associations of maternal type 1 diabetes with childhood adiposity and metabolic health in the offspring: a prospective cohort study. Diabetologia. 2018; 61(11):2319-2332.

14. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ. Intrauterine diabetic environment confers risks for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in the offspring, in addition to genetic susceptibility. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;14(8):1085-1091.

15. Catalano P, Huston L, Amini S, Kalhan S. Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes. Am J Obstst Gyneol. 1999;180(4):903-916.

16. Bleicher SJ, O'Sullivan JB, Freinkel N. Carboh ydrate metabolismin pregnancy. v. the interrelations of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids in late pregnancy and post partum. N Engl J Med. 1964;271:866-872.

17. Sivan E, Chen X, Homko CJ, Reece EA, Boden G. Longitudinal study of carbohydrate metabolism in healthy obese pregnant women. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(9):1470-1475.

18. Freinkel N. Banting lecture 1980. Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes. 1980;29(12):1023-1035.

19. Costrini NV, Kalkhoff RK. Relative effects of pregnancy, estradiol, an

d progesterone on plasma insulin and pancreatic islet insulin secretion. J Clin Invest. 1971;50(5):992- 999.

20. Ryan EA, Enns L. Role of gestational hormones in the induction of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):341- 347.

21. Barbour LA, Shao J, Qiao L, et al. Human placental growth hormone causes severe insulin resistance in transgenic mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):512-517.

22. Butler AE, Cao-Minh L, Galasso R, et al. Adaptive changes in pancreatic beta cell fractional area and beta cell turnover in human pregnancy. Diabetologia. 2010;53(10):2167-2176.

23. Powe CE, Huston Presley LP, Locascio JJ, Catalano PM. Augmented insulin secretory response in early pregnancy. Diabetologia. 2019;62(8):1445-1452.

24. Karnik SK, Chen H, McLean GW, et al. Menin controls growth of pancreatic beta-cells in pregnant mice and promotes gestational diabetes mellitus. Science. 2007;318(5851):806-809.

25. Kim H, Toyofuku Y, Lynn FC, et al. Serotonin regulates pancreatic beta cell mass during pregnancy. Nat Med. 2010; 16(7):804-808.

26. Buchanan TA, Xiang A, Kjos SL, et al. Gestational diabetes: antepartum characteristics that predict postpartum glucosa intolerance and type 2 diabetes in Latino women. Diabetes. 1998;47(8):1302-1310.

27. Cerasi E, Luft R. The plasma insulin response to glucose infusion in healthy subjects and in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1967;55(2):278-304.

28. Luzi L, DeFronzo RA. Effect of loss of first-phase insulin secretion on hepatic glucose production and tissue glucose disposal in humans. Am J Physiol. 1989;257(2 Pt 1):E241-E246.

29. Homko C, Sivan E, Chen X, Reece EA, Boden G. Insulin secretion during and after pregnancy in patients  with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):568-573.

30. Buchanan T, Xiang A, Page K. Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8(11):639-649.

31. Ilic S, Jovanovic L, Wollitzer AO. Is the paradoxical first trimester drop in insulin requirement due to an increase in C-peptide concentration in pregnant type I diabetic women? Diabetologia. 2000;43(10):1329-1330.

32. Nielsen LR, Rehfeld JF, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Damm P, Mathiesen ER. Pregnancy-induced rise in serum C- eptide concentrations in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1052-1057.

33. Owens LA, Egan AM, Carmody L, Dunne F. Ten years of optimizing outcomes for women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy d the Atlantic DIP experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1598-1605.

34. Garcia-Patterson A, Erdozain L, Ginovart G, et al. In human gestational diabetes mellitus congénita  l malformations are related to pre-pregnancy body mass index and to severity of diabetes. 2004;47(3):509-514.

35. Becerra J, Khoury M, Cordero J, Erickson J. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a population-based case-control study. Pediatrics. 1990; 85(1):1-9.

36. Topcuoglu S, karatekin G, Uavuz T, et al. The relationship between the oxidative stress and the cardiac hypertrophy in infants of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 109(1):104-109.

37. Lappas M, Hiden U, Desoye G, Froehlich J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Jawerbaum A. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(12):3061-3100.

38. Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Siddeek B, Boubred F, Benahmed M, Simeoni U. The offspring of the diabetic mothershort- and long-term implications. Best Pract Res Clin  Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(2):256-269.

39. Gutaj P, Wender-Ozegowska E. Diagnosis and management of IUGR in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(5):39.

40. Desoye G, Nolan CJ. The fetal glucose steal: an underappreciated phenomenon in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia. 2016; 59(6):1089-1094.

41. Pedersen J. Diabetes and pregnancy:Blood sugar of newborn infants (Ph.D. Thesis). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Science Press; 1952.

42. Catalano PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon S. Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(6):479-487.

43. Barbour LA, Hernandez TL. Maternal lipids and fetal overgrowth: making fat from fat. Clin Ther. 2018;40(10):1638-1647.

44. Hjort L, Novakovic B, Grunnet L, et al. Diabetes in pregnancy and epigenetic mechanisms d how the first 9 months from conception might affect the child's epigenome and later risk of disease. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(10):796-806.

45. Chen P, Piaggi P, Traurig M, et al. Differential methylation of genes in individuals exposed to maternal diabetes in utero. Diabetologia. 2017;60(4):645-655.

46. Adane AA, Mishra GD, Tooth LR. Diabetes in Pregnancy and Childhood Cognitive Development: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5).

47. Hussen HI, Persson M, Moradi T. Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of type 1  diabetes in offspring of parents without diabetes regardless of ethnicity. Diabetologia. 2015;58(7):1464-1473.

48. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2477-2486.

49. Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1339-1348.