Manejo del ataque de asma en niños

1 Ebmeier S, Thayabaran D, Braithwaite I, Bénamara C, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Trends in international asthma mortality: analysis of data from the WHO Mortality Database from 46 countries (1993–2012). Lancet 2017; 390: 935–45.

2 Mukherjee M, Stoddart A, Gupta RP, et al. The epidemiology, healthcare and societal burden and costs of asthma in the UK and its member nations: analyses of standalone and linked national databases. BMC Med 2016; 14: 113.

3 Bush A, Pavord I. Following Nero: fiddle while Rome burns, or is there a better way? Thorax 2011; 66: 367.

4 Belgrave DCM, Buchan I, Bishop C, Lowe L, Simpson A, Custovic A. Trajectories of lung function during childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189: 1101–09.

5 O’Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Lamm CJ, Tan WC, Busse WW. Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 19–24.

6 Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, et al. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. Lancet 2018; 391: 350–400.

7 Buelo A, McLean S, Julious S, et al. At-risk children with asthma (ARC): a systematic review. Thorax 2018; 73: 813–24.

8 Bloom CI, Nissen F, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L, Cullinan P, Quint JK. Exacerbation risk and characterisation of the UK’s asthma population from infants to old age. Thorax 2018; 73: 313–20.

9 Lisspers K, Janson C, Larsson K, et al. Comorbidity, disease burden and mortality across age groups in a Swedish primary care asthma population: an epidemiological register study (PACEHR). Resp Med 2018; 136: 15–20.

10 Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan V, Navaratnam P, et al. National prevalence of poor asthma control and associated outcomes among school-aged children in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6: 536–44.e1.

11 Reddel H, Ware S, Marks G, Salome C, Jenkins C, Woolcock A. Differences between asthma exacerbations and poor asthma control. Lancet 1999; 353: 364–69.

12 Bush A, Fleming L. Diagnosis and management of asthma in children. BMJ 2015; 350: h996.

13 Dondi A, Calamelli E, Piccinno V, et al. Acute asthma in the pediatric emergency department: infections are the main triggers of exacerbations. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017: 9687061.

14 Jartti T, Gern JE. Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 895–906.

15 Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9–11 year old children. BMJ 1995; 310: 1225–29.

16 Bisgaard H, Hermansen MN, Bonnelykke K, et al. Association of bacteria and viruses with wheezy episodes in young children: prospective birth cohort study. BMJ 2010; 341: c4978.

17 Ducharme FM, Zemek R, Chauhan BF, et al. Factors associated with failure of emergency department management in children with acute moderate or severe asthma: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 990–98.

18 Merckx J, Ducharme FM, Martineau C, et al. Respiratory viruses and treatment failure in children with asthma exacerbation. Pediatrics 2018; 142: e20174105.

19 Megremis S, Niespodziana K, Cabauatan C, et al. Rhinovirus species-specific antibodies differentially reflect clinical outcomes in health and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; published online Aug 22. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201803-0575OC.

20 Nakagome K, Bochkov YA, Ashraf S, et al. Effects of rhinovirus species on viral replication and cytokine production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134: 332–41.

21 Liu Y, Hill MG, Klose T, et al. Atomic structure of a rhinovirus C, a virus species linked to severe childhood asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016; 113: 8997–9002.

22 Bonnelykke K, Coleman AT, Evans MD, et al. Cadherin-related family member 3 genetics and rhinovirus C respiratory illnesses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197: 589–94.

23 Kloepfer KM, Lee WM, Pappas TE, et al. Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 1301–07.

24 Sabroe I, Postma D, Heijink I, Dockrell DH. The yin and the yang of immunosuppression with inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax 2013; 68: 1085–87.

25 Romero-Espinoza JA, Moreno-Valencia Y, Coronel-Tellez RH, et al. Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015. PloS One 2018; 13: e0192878.

26 Niespodziana K, Stenberg-Hammar K, Megremis S, et al. PreDicta chip-based high resolution diagnosis of rhinovirus-induced wheeze. Nat Commun 2018; 9: 2382.

27 Nguyen-Thi-Dieu T, Le-Thi-Thu H, Le-Thi-Minh H, Pham-Nhat A, Duong-Quy S. Study of clinical characteristics and cytokine profiles of asthmatic children with rhinovirus infection during acute asthma exacerbation at National Hospital of Pediatrics. Can Respir J 2018; 2018: 9375967.

28 Esquivel A, Busse WW, Calatroni A, et al. Effects of omalizumab on rhinovirus infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196: 985–92.

29 Gill MA, Liu AH, Calatroni A, et al. Enhanced plasmacytoid dendritic cell antiviral responses after omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 1735–43.e9.

30 Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, Niggemann B, Grüber C, Wahn U. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 2006; 368: 763–70.

31 Looi K, Buckley AG, Rigby PJ, et al. Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48: 513–24.

32 Bonnelykke K, Sleiman P, Nielsen K, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations. Nat Genet 2014; 46: 51–55.

33 Erbas B, Jazayeri M, Lambert KA, et al. Outdoor pollen is a trigger of child and adolescent asthma emergency department presentations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2018; 73: 1632–41.

34 Anto JM, Sunyer J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Suarez-Cervera M, Vazquez L. Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust. Toxicoepidemiological Committee. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1097–102.

35 Davies G, Paton JY, Beaton SJ, Young D, Lenney W. Children admitted with acute wheeze/asthma during November 1998–2005: a national UK audit. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93: 952–58.

36 Castro-Rodriguez JA, Beckhaus AA, Forno E. Efficacy of oral corticosteroids in the treatment of acute wheezing episodes in asthmatic preschoolers: systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51: 868–76.

37 Foster SJ, Cooper MN, Oosterhof S, Borland ML. Oral prednisolone in preschool children with virus-associated wheeze: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 97–106.

38 Kaiser SV, Huynh T, Bacharier LB, et al. Preventing exacerbations in preschoolers with recurrent wheeze: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2016; 137: e20154496.

39 Beigelman A, Bacharier LB. Management of preschool children with recurrent wheezing: lessons from the NHLBI’s asthma research networks. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016; 4: 1–8.

40 Oommen A, Lambert PC, Grigg J. Efficacy of a short course of parent-initiated oral prednisolone for viral wheeze in children aged 1–5 years: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 1433–38.

41 Panickar J, Lakhanpaul M, Lambert PC, Kenia P, Stephenson T, Smyth A, et al. Oral prednisolone for preschool children with acute v

42 Saglani S, Rosenthal M, Bush A. Should oral corticosteroids be prescribed for preschool viral wheeze? Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: e21.

43 Su Z, Li R, Gai Z. Intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulphate for treating acute asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2018; 34: 390–95.

44 Pruikkonen H, Tapiainen T, Kallio M, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for acute wheezing in young children: a randomised double-blind trial. Eur Respir J 2018; 51: 1701579.

45 Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Vissing NH, et al. Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1–3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 19–26.

46 Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, et al. Early administration of azithromycin and prevention of severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children with a history of such illnesses: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 314: 2034–44.

47 Schogler A, Kopf BS, Edwards MR, et al. Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 428–39.

48 Grigg J. Antibiotics for preschool wheeze. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 2–3.

49 Cohen RT, Pelton SI. Individual benefit vs societal effect of antibiotic prescribing for preschool children with recurrent wheeze. JAMA 2015; 314: 2027–29.

50 Wei S, Mortensen MS, Stokholm J, et al. Short- and long-term impacts of azithromycin treatment on the gut microbiota in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. EBioMedicine 2018; 38: 265–72.

51 Mandhane PJ, Paredes Zambrano de Silbernagel P, et al. Treatment of preschool children presenting to the emergency department with wheeze with azithromycin: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0182411.

52 Brode SK, Campitelli MA, Kwong JC, et al. The risk of mycobacterial infections associated with inhaled corticosteroid use. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1700037.