El paciente con proctorragia: ¿cómo abordarlo?

1. Eslick GD, Kalantar JS, Talley NJ. Rectal bleeding: epidemiology, associated risk factors, and health care seeking behaviour: a population-based study. Colorectal Dis. 2009; 11(9):921-926.

2. Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92(3):419-424.

3. Strate LL. Lower GI bleeding: epidemiology and diagnosis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005; 34(4):643-664.

4. Aoki T, Nagata N, Shimbo T, et al. Development and validation of a risk scoring system for severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 14(11):1562-1570.e2.

5. Halland M, Young M, Fitzgerald MN, Inder K, Duggan JM, Duggan A. Characteristics and outcomes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a tertiary referral hospital. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55(12):3430-3435.

6. Laine L, Shah A. Randomized trial of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105(12):2636-2641; quiz 2642.

7. Satoh K, Yoshino J, Akamatsu T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for peptic ulcer disease 2015. J Gastroenterol. 2016; 51(3):177-194.

8. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis [published correction appears in Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109(2):302]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(9):1400-1415; 1416.

9. Bergqvist D, Björck M, Nyman R. Secondary aortoenteric fistula after endovascular aortic interventions: a systematic literature review. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008; 19(2 pt 1):163-165.

10. Lara LF, Sreenarasimhaiah J, Tang SJ, Afonso BB, Rockey DC. Dieulafoy lesions of the GI tract: localization and therapeutic outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55(12):3436-3441.

11. Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016; 111(5):755.

12. Huang ES, Karsan S, Kanwal F, Singh I, Makhani M, Spiegel BM. Impact of nasogastric lavage on outcomes in acute GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011; 74(5):971-980.

13. Mortensen PB, Nøhr M, Møller-Petersen JF, Balslev I. The diagnostic value of serum urea/creatinine ratio in distinguishing between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study. Dan Med Bull. 1994; 41(2):237-240.

14. Ghassemi KA, Jensen DM. Lower GI bleeding: epidemiology and management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013; 15(7):333.

15. Cotter TG, Bledsoe AC, Sweetser S. Colon ischemia: an update for clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016; 91(5):671-677.