Acalasia esofágica

REFERENCIAS

1 Reynolds JC, Parkman HP. Achalasia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1989;18:223-55.pmid: 2668168.

2 Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1238-49, quiz 1250. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013. 196pmid:23877351.

3 Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, Svenson LW. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:e256-61. doi:10. 1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01511.xpmid:20465592.

4 Nenshi R, Takata J, Stegienko S, et al. The cost of achalasia: quantifying the effect of symptomatic disease on patient cost burden, treatment time, and work productivity. Surg Innov 2010;17:291-4. doi:10.1177/1553350610376392pmid:20647236.

5 O’Neill OM, Johnston BT, Coleman HG. Achalasia: a review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:5806-12. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5806pmid:24124325.

6 Enestvedt BK, Williams JL, Sonnenberg A. Epidemiology and practice patterns of achalasia in a large multi-centre database. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:1209-14. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-2036.2011.04655.xpmid:21480936.

7 Pandolfino JE, Gawron AJ. Achalasia: a systematic review. JAMA 2015;313:1841-52. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2996pmid:25965233.

8 Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1404-14. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41775.xpmid: 15929777.

9 de Oliveira RB, Rezende Filho J, Dantas RO, Iazigi N. The spectrum of esophageal motor disorders in Chagas’ disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1119-24.pmid:7611209.

10 Zárate N, Mearin F, Gil-Vernet JM, Camarasa F, Malagelada JR. Achalasia and Down’s syndrome: coincidental association or something else?Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1674-7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01161.xpmid:10364043.

11 Sarathi V, Shah NS. Triple-A syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;685:1-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6448-9_1pmid:20687490.

12 Tsuboi K, Hoshino M, Srinivasan A, et al. Insights gained from symptom evaluation of esophageal motility disorders: a review of 4,215 patients. Digestion 2012;85:236-42. doi:10.1159/000336072pmid:22472689.

13 Shoenut JP, Micflikier AB, Yaffe CS, Den Boer B, Teskey JM. Reflux in untreated achalasia patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;20:6-11. doi:10.1097/00004836-199501000-00004pmid: 7884182.

14 Patti MG, Arcerito M, Tong J, et al. De Pinto M de Bellis M. Importance of preoperative and postoperative pH monitoring in patients with esophageal achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 1997;1:505-10. doi:10.1016/S1091-255X(97)80065-0pmid:9834385.

15 Crookes PF, Corkill S, DeMeester TR. Gastroesophageal reflux in achalasia. When is reflux really reflux?Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1354-61. doi:10.1023/A:1018873501205pmid:9246028.

16 Novais PA, Lemme EM. 24-h pH monitoring patterns and clinical response after achalasia treatment with pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:1257-65. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04461.xpmid:20955445.

17 Glatz SM, Richardson JD. Esophagectomy for end stage achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2007;11:1134-7. doi:10.1007/s11605-007-0226-8pmid:17623258.

18 Madenci AL, Reames BN, Chang AC, Lin J, Orringer MB, Reddy RM. Factors associated with rapid progression to esophagectomy for benign disease. J Am Coll Surg 2013;217:889-95. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.07.384pmid:24035659.

19 Minami H, Yamaguchi N, Matsushima K, et al. Improvement of endocytoscopic findings after per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in esophageal achalasia; does POEM reduce the risk of developing esophageal carcinoma? Per oral endoscopic myotomy, endocytoscopy and carcinogenesis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:22. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-22pmid:23363448.

20 Leeuwenburgh I, Scholten P, Alderliesten J, et al. Long-term esophageal cancer risk in patients with primary achalasia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:2144-9. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.263pmid:20588263.

21 Eckardt AJ, Eckardt VF. Editorial: Cancer surveillance in achalasia: better late than never?Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:2150-2. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.257pmid:20927062.

22 Brücher BL, Stein HJ, Bartels H, Feussner H, Siewert JR. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg 2001;25:745-9. doi:10.1007/s00268-001-0026-3pmid:11376410.

23 Dunaway PM, Wong RK. Risk and surveillance intervals for squamous cell carcinoma in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001;11:425-34, ix.pmid:11319071.

24 Leeuwenburgh I, Scholten P, Caljé TJ, et al. Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are common after treatment for achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:244-52.doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2157-9pmid:23179142.

25 Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, et al. Standards of Practice Committee, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:570-80. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.004pmid:16564854.

26 Parkman HP, Cohen S. Malignancy-induced secondary achalasia. Dysphagia

1993;8:292-6. doi:10.1007/BF01354553pmid:8359052.

27 Tucker HJ, Snape WJ Jr, , Cohen S. Achalasia secondary to carcinoma: manometric and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:315-8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-3-315pmid: 686541.

28 Ellingson TL, Kozarek RA, Gelfand MD, Botoman AV, Patterson DJ. Iatrogenic achalasia. A case series. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;20:96-9. doi:10.1097/00004836-199503000-00004pmid:7769210.

29 Duntemann TJ, Dresner DM. Achalasia-like syndrome presenting after highly selective vagotomy. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:2081-3. doi:10.1007/BF02208682pmid:7555468.

30 Stylopoulos N, Bunker CJ, Rattner DW. Development of achalasia secondary to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:368-76, discussion 377-8. doi:10.1016/S1091-255X(02)00019-7pmid:12022989.

31 Kia L, Kahrilas PJ. An unusual complication after laparoscopic gastric lap band placement. Gastroenterology 2014;147:e9-10. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.043pmid:25450091.

32 Parkman HP, Maurer AH, Caroline DF, Miller DL, Krevsky B, Fisher RS. Optimal evaluation of patients with nonobstructive esophageal dysphagia. Manometry, scintigraphy, or videoesophagography?Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1355-68. doi:10.1007/BF02088560pmid:8689912.

33 El-Takli I, O’Brien P, Paterson WG. Clinical diagnosis of achalasia: how reliable is the barium x-ray?Can J Gastroenterol 2006;20:335-7. doi:10.1155/2006/193823pmid:16691299.

34 Ott DJ, Richter JE, Chen YM, Wu WC, Gelfand DW, Castell DO. Esophageal radiography and manometry: correlation in 172 patients with dysphagia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149:307-11. doi:10.2214/ajr.149.2.307pmid:3496755.

35 Richter JE. High-resolution manometry in diagnosis and treatment of achalasia: help or hype. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014;16:420. doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0420-2pmid:25543338.

36 de Oliveira JM, Birgisson S, Doinoff C, et al. Timed barium swallow: a simple technique for evaluating esophageal emptying in patients with achalasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:473-9. doi:10.2214/ajr.169.2.9242756pmid:9242756.

37 Pechlivanides G, Chrysos E, Athanasakis E, Tsiaoussis J, Vassilakis JS, Xynos E. Laparoscopic Heller cardiomyotomy and Dor fundoplication for esophageal achalasia: possible factors predicting outcome. Arch Surg 2001;136:1240-3. doi:10.1001/archsurg. 136.11.1240pmid:11695966.

38 Vaezi MF, Baker ME, Richter JE. Assessment of esophageal emptying post-pneumatic dilation: use of the timed barium esophagram. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1802-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01209.xpmid:10406238.

39 Rohof WO, Lei A, Boeckxstaens GE. Esophageal stasis on a timed barium  esophagogram predicts recurrent symptoms in patients with long-standing achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:49-55. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.318pmid:23007004.

40 Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1238-49, quiz 1250. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013. 196pmid:23877351.

41 Kahrilas PJ. Esophageal motor disorders in terms of high-resolution esophageal pressure topography: what has changed?Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:981-7. doi:10.1038/ajg. 2010.43pmid:20179690.

42 Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, Bulsiewicz W, Post J, Kahrilas PJ. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1526-33. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.022pmid:18722376.

43 Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. International High Resolution Manometry Working Group. The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015;27:160-74. doi:10.1111/nmo.12477pmid:25469569.

44 Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001;11:311-24, vii.pmid:11319064.

45 Bortolotti M, Labò G. Clinical and manometric effects of nifedipine in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gastroenterology 1981;80:39-44.pmid:7450409.

46 Penagini , Bartesaghi B, Negri G, Bianchi PA. Effect of loperamide on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in idiopathic achalasia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:1057-60. doi: 10.3109/00365529409094887pmid:7886391.

47 Marzio L, Grossi L, DeLaurentiis MF, Cennamo L, Lapenna D, Cuccurullo F. Effect of cimetropium bromide on esophageal motility and transit in patients affected by primary achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1389-94. doi:10.1007/BF02088038pmid:8026247.

48 Bortolotti M, Mari C, Lopilato C, Porrazzo G, Miglioli M. Effects of sildenafil on esophageal motility of patients with idiopathic achalasia. Gastroenterology 2000;118:253-7. doi:10. 1016/S0016-5085(00)70206-Xpmid:10648452.

49 Pasricha PJ, Rai R, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, Kalloo AN. Botulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of response. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1410-5. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8613045pmid:8613045.

50 Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al. GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicenter randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. Gut 2000;46:597-600. doi:10.1136/gut.46.5.597pmid:10764700.

51 Campos GM, Vittinghoff E, Rabl C, et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2009;249:45-57. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818e43abpmid:19106675.

52 Fishman VM, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, et al. Symptomatic improvement in achalasia after botulinum toxin injection of the lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1724-30.pmid:8792688.

53 Portale G, Costantini M, Rizzetto C, et al. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic Heller-Dor surgery for esophageal achalasia: possible detrimental role of previous endoscopic treatment. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:1332-9. doi:10.1016/j.gassur.2005.10.001pmid: 16332491.

54 Orenstein SB, Raigani S, Wu YV, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) leads to similar results in patients with and without prior endoscopic or surgical therapy. Surg Endosc 2015;29:1064-70. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3782-5pmid:25249143.

55 Kadakia SC, Wong RK. Pneumatic balloon dilation for esophageal achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001;11:325-46, vii.pmid:11319065.

56 Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:832-9.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04816.xpmid:21848630.

57 Zerbib F, Thétiot V, Richy F, Benajah DA, Message L, Lamouliatte H. Repeated pneumatic dilations as long-term maintenance therapy for esophageal achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:692-7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00385.xpmid:16635216.

58 Hulselmans M, Vanuytsel T, Degreef T, et al. Long-term outcome of pneumatic dilation in the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:30-5. doi:10.1016/j.cgh. 2009.09.020pmid:19782766.

59 Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Paroutoglou G, et al. Long-term results of pneumatic dilation for achalasia: a 15 years’ experience. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:5701-5. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i36.5587pmid:16237769.

60 Abid S, Champion G, Richter JE, McElvein R, Slaughter RL, Koehler RE. Treatment of achalasia: the best of both worlds. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:979-85.pmid:8017394.

61 Wehrmann T, Jacobi V, Jung M, Lembcke B, Caspary WF. Pneumatic dilation in achalasia with a low-compliance balloon: results of a 5-year prospective evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:31-6. doi:10.1016/S0016-5107(95)70239-3pmid:7557173.

62 Guardino JM, Vela MF, Connor JT, Richter JE. Pneumatic dilation for the treatment of achalasia in untreated patients and patients with failed Heller myotomy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:855-60. doi:10.1097/00004836-200411000-00004pmid:15492600.

63 Dobrucali A, Erzin Y, Tuncer M, Dirican A. Long-term results of graded pneumatic dilatation under endoscopic guidance in patients with primary esophageal achalasia. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:3322-7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i22.3322pmid:15484309.

64 Chan KC, Wong SK, Lee DW, et al. Short-term and long-term results of endoscopic balloon dilation for achalasia: 12 years’ experience. Endoscopy 2004;36:690-4. doi:10.1055/s-2004-825659pmid:15280973.

65 Eckardt VF, Aignherr C, Bernhard G. Predictors of outcome in patients with achalasia treated by pneumatic dilation. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1732-8. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(92)91428-7pmid:1451966.

66 Yaghoobi M, Mayrand S, Martel M, Roshan-Afshar I, Bijarchi R, Barkun A. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy versus pneumatic dilation in the treatment of idiopathic achalasia: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:468-75. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.1335pmid:23684149.

67 Richter JE. Update on the management of achalasia: balloons, surgery and drugs. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;2:435-45. doi:10.1586/17474124.2.3.435pmid:19072391.

68 Metman EH, Lagasse JP, d’Alteroche L, Picon L, Scotto B, Barbieux JP. Risk factors for immediate complications after progressive pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1179-85. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01062.xpmid:10235189.

69 Heller E. Extramukoese cardinplastik bein chronischen cardiopsasmus mit dilation des oesophagus. Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir 1914;27:141-5.

70 Oelschlager BK, Chang L, Pellegrini CA. Improved outcome after extended gastric myotomy for achalasia. Arch Surg 2003;138:490-5, discussion 495-7. oi:10.1001/archsurg. 138.5.490pmid:12742951.

71 Richards WO, Torquati A, Holzman MD, et al. Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Surg 2004;240:405-12, discussion 412-5. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000136940.32255. 51pmid:15319712.

72 Vela MF, Richter JE, Khandwala F, et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:580-7. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00986-9pmid:16630776.

73 Bonatti H, Hinder RA, Klocker J, et al. Long-term results of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication for the treatment of achalasia. Am J Surg 2005;190:874-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.08.012pmid:16307937.

74 Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut 1999;44:231-9. doi:10.1136/gut.44.2. 231pmid:9895383.

75 Ghoshal UC, Chaudhuri S, Pal BB, Dhar K, Ray G, Banerjee PK. Randomized ontrolled trial of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin A injection versus balloon dilatation in treatment of achalasia cardia. Dis Esophagus 2001;14:227-31. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2050.2001.00189.xpmid:11869325.

76 Bansal R, Nostrant TT, Scheiman JM, et al. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin versus pneumatic balloon dilation for treatment of primary achalasia. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36:209-14. doi:10.1097/00004836-200303000-00005pmid:12590230.

77 Mikaeli J, Farrokhi F, Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M, Malekzadeh R. Gender effect on clinical features of achalasia: a prospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2006;6:12. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-6-12pmid:16579859.

78 Bakhshipour A, Rabbani R, Shirani S, Soleimani HA, Mikaeli J. Comparison of pneumatic dilation with pneumatic dilation plus botulinum toxin for treatment of achalasia. Acta Med Iran 2010;48:107-10.pmid:21133003.

79 Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD005046.pmid:25485740.

80 Zaninotto G, Annese V, Costantini M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin versus laparoscopic heller myotomy for esophageal achalasia. Ann Surg 2004; 239:364-70. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000114217.52941.c5pmid:15075653.

81 Andrews CN, Anvari M, Dobranowski J. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy or botulinum toxin injection for management of esophageal achalasia. Patient choice and treatment outcomes. Surg Endosc 1999;13:742-6. doi:10.1007/s004649901090pmid:10430676.

82 Kostic S, Kjellin A, Ruth M, et al. Pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic cardiomyotomy in the management of newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia. Results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg 2007;31:470-8. doi:10.1007/s00268-006-0600-9pmid:17308851.

83 Persson J, Johnsson E, Kostic S, Lundell L, Smedh U. Treatment of achalasia with laparoscopic myotomy or pneumatic dilatation: long-term results of a prospective, randomized study. World J Surg 2015;39:713-20. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2869-4pmid: 25409838.