¿Cómo actuar ante la cirugía y procedimientos invasivos en pacientes anticoagulados?

1 Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;125:e2-220.
2 Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation (atria) study. JAMA 2001;285:2370-5.
3 Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006;114:119-25.
4 Deitelzweig SB, Johnson BH, Lin J, et al. Prevalence of clinical venous
thromboembolism in the USA: current trends and future projections. Am J Hematol 2011;86:217-20.
5 Garver D, Kaczmarek RG, Silverman BG, et al. The epidemiology of
prosthetic heart valves in the United States. Tex Heart Inst J 1995;22:86-91.
6 Kirley K, Qato DM, Kornfield R, et al. National trends in oral anticoagulant use in the United States, 2007 to 2011. Circulation 2012;5:615-21.
7 Desai NR, Krumme AA, Schneeweiss S, et al. Patterns of initiation of oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation—quality and cost implications. Am J Med 2014;127:1075-82.e1.
8 Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, et al. Oral anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 suppl):e44S-88S.
9 Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Dabigatran etexilate: a new oral thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 2011;123:1436-50.
10 Pinto DJP, Orwat MJ, Koch S, et al. Discovery of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1Hpyrazolo[ 3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (apixaban, BMS-562247), a highly potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. J Med Chem 2007;50:5339-56.
11 Roehrig S, Straub A, Pohlmann J, et al. Discovery of the novel antithrombotic agent 5-chloro-N-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxomorpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl}methyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (BAY 59-7939): an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. J Med Chem 2005;48:5900-8.
12 Furugohri T, Isobe K, Honda Y, et al. DU-176b, a potent and orally active
factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:1542-9.
13 O’Reilly RA, Aggeler PM, Leong LS. Studies on the coumarin anticoagulant drugs: the pharmacodynamics of warfarin in man. J Clin Invest 1963;42:1542-51.
14 Ufer M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44:1227-46.
15 Bauer KA. Recent progress in anticoagulant therapy: oral direct inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9(suppl 1):12-9.
16 Xarelto(R) Package insert. Janssen Pharmaceuticals. 2014. www. xareltohcp.com/sites/default/files/pdf/xarelto_0.pdf.
17 Savaysa. Package insert. Daiichi Sankyo. 2015. http://dsi.com/ prescribing-information-portlet/getPIContent?productName=Savaysa& inline=true.
18 Blech S, Ebner T, Ludwig-Schwellinger E et al. The metabolism and disposition of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36:386-99.
19 Perzborn E, Roehrig S, Straub A, et al. Rivaroxaban: a new oral factor Xa inhibitor. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:376-81.
20 Camm AJ, Bounameaux H. Edoxaban. Drugs 2011;71:1503-26.
 21 Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 suppl):e326S-50S.
22 Haustein KO. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral anticoagulants, especially phenprocoumon. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999;25:5-11.
23 Godbillon J, Richard J, Gerardin A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of acenocoumarol in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981;12:
621-9.
24 Stangier J, Stähle H, Rathgen K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the direct oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran in healthy elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:47-59.
25 Ogata K, Mendell-Harary J, Tachibana M, et al. Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50:743-53.
26 Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37:74-81.
27 Weinz C, Schwarz T, Kubitza D, et al. Metabolism and excretion of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37:1056-64.
28 Bathala MS, Masumoto H, Oguma T, et al. Pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, and mass balance of edoxaban, a selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2012;40:2250-5.
29 Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-51.
30 Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarina in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2342-52.
31 Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of abigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:709-18.
32 Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:981-92.
33 Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;369:799-808.
34 Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:699-708.
35 Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91.
36 EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2499-510.
37 EINSTEIN-PE Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1287-97.
38 Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2093-104.
39 Hokusai-VTE Investigators. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1406-15.
40 Pradaxa. Package insert. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. 2014. http://bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Pradaxa/Pradaxa.pdf.
41 Eliquis. Package insert. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. 2014. http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_eliquis.pdf.
42 Furie B, Bouchard BA, Furie BC. Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Blood 1999;93:1798-808.
43 Zimmermann A, Matschiner JT. Biochemical basis of hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1974;23:1033-40.
44 Wessler S, Gitel SN. Warfarin. N Engl J Med 1984;311:645-52.
45 Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarina and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1095-106.
46 Kirkwood TB. Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:238-44.
47 Johnston M, Harrison L, Moffat K, et al. Reliability of the international normalized ratio for monitoring the induction phase of warfarin: comparison with the prothrombin time ratio. J Lab Clin Med 1996;128:214-7.
48 Breckenridge A. Oral anticoagulant drugs: pharmacokinetic aspects. Semin Hematol 1978;15:19-26.
49 O’Reilly RA. Vitamin K and the oral anticoagulant drugs. Annu Rev Med 1976;27:245-61.
50 Miners JO, Birkett DJ. Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol1998;45:525-38.
51 Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1206-14.
52 Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2001;285:2864-70.
53 Lip GYH, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 2010;137:263-72.
54 Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:761-8.
55 Douketis JD, Foster GA, Crowther MA, et al. Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3431-6.
56 Zhu T, Martinez I, Emmerich J. Venous thromboembolism: risk factors for recurrence. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:298-310.
57 Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med 1998;104:332-8.
58 White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003;107(23 suppl 1):I-4-8.
59 Boutitie F, Pinede L, Schulman S, et al. Influence of preceding length of anticoagulant treatment and initial presentation of venous thromboembolism on risk of recurrence after stopping treatment: analysis of individual participants’ data from seven trials. BMJ 2011;342:d3036.
60 Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briët E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation 1994;89:635-41.
61 Mercadante N. Management of patients with prosthetic heart valves: potential impact of valve site, clinical characteristics, and comorbidity. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2000;10:29-34.
62 Schofield KP, Thomson JM, Poller L. Protein C response to induction and withdrawal of oral anticoagulant treatment. Clin Lab Haematol 1987;9:255-62.
63 Grip L, Blomback M, Schulman S.  Hypercoagulable state and thromboembolism following warfarin withdrawal in post-myocardialinfarction patients. Eur Heart J 1991;12:1225-33.
64 Raskob GE, Durica SS, Morrissey JH, et al. Effect of treatment with low-dose warfarin-aspirin on activated factor VII. Blood 1995;85:3034-9.
65 Sakata T, Kario K, Matsuo T, et al. Suppression of plasma-activated factor VII levels by warfarin therapy. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:241-6.
66 Genewein U, Haeberli A, Straub PW, Beer JH. Rebound after cessation of oral anticoagulant therapy: the biochemical evidence. Br J Haematol1996;92:479-85.
67 Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HASBLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the euro heart survey. Chest 2010;138:1093-100.
68 Spyropoulos AC, Douketis JD. How I treat anticoagulated patients undergoing an elective procedure or surgery. Blood 2012;120:2954-62.
69 Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Kaatz S, et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2015; published online 22 June.
70 Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Pfizer; Lawson Health Research Institute. PERIOP 2—a safety and effectiveness study of LMWH bridging therapy versus placebo bridging therapy for patients on long term warfarin and require temporary interruption of their warfarin. ClinicalTrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00432796?term=periop2&rank=1
71 Rustad H, Myhre E. Surgery during anticoagulant treatment. The risk of increased bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulant treatment. Acta Med Scand 1963;173:115-9.
72 Katholi RE, Nolan SP, McGuire LB. The management of anticoagulation during noncardiac operations in patients with prosthetic heart valves. A prospective study. Am Heart J 1978;96:163-5.
73 Tinker JH, Tarhan S. Discontinuing anticoagulant therapy in surgical patients with cardiac valve prostheses: observations in 180 operations. JAMA 1978;239:738-9.
74 Spandorfer JM, Lynch S, Weitz HH, et al. Use of enoxaparin for the chronically anticoagulated patient before and after procedures. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:478-80.
75 Siegal D, Yudin J, Kaatz S, et al. Periprocedural heparin bridging in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists: systematic review and meta-analysis of bleeding and thromboembolic rates. Circulation 2012;126:1630-9.
76 Bajkin BV, Popovic SL, Selakovic SDJ. Randomized, prospective trial comparing bridging therapy using low-molecular-weight heparin with maintenance of oral anticoagulation during extraction of teeth. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:990-5.
77 Bombuy E, Mans E, Hugue A, et al. [Elective inguinal hernioplasty in patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy. Management and outcome.] Cir Esp 2009;86:38-42.
78 Bui HT, Krisnaswami A, Le C-U, et al. Comparison of safety of subcutaneous enoxaparin as outpatient anticoagulation bridging therapy in patients with a mechanical heart valve versus patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1429-33.
79 Cheng M, Hua W, Chen K, et al. Perioperative anticoagulation for patientswith mechanic heart valve(s) undertaking pacemaker implantation. Europace 2009;11:1183-7.
80 Constans M, Santamaria A, Mateo J, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy during interruption of oral anticoagulation in patients undergoing colonoscopy or gastroscopy. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:212-7.
81 Daniels PR, McBane RD, Litin SC, et al. Peri-procedural anticoagulation management of mechanical prosthetic heart valve patients. Thromb Res 2009;124:300-5.
82 Dotan ZA, Mor Y, Leibovitch I, et al. The efficacy and safety of perioperative low molecular weight heparin substitution in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy undergoing transurethral prostatectomy for bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol 2002;168:610-4.
83 Douketis JD, Johnson JA, Turpie AG. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin: assessment of a standardized periprocedural anticoagulation regimen. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1319-26.
84 Douketis JD, Woods K, Foster GA, Crowther MA. Bridging anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin after interruption of warfarin therapy is associated with a residual anticoagulant effect prior to surgery. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:528-31.
85 Dunn AS, Spyropoulos AC, Turpie AGG. Bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants who require surgery: the Prospective Peri-operative Enoxaparin Cohort Trial (PROSPECT). J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:2211-8.
86 Ercan M, Bostanci E, Ozer I, et al. Postoperative hemorrhagic complications after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients Receiving g long-term anticoagulant therapy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010;395:247-53.
87 Garcia DA, Regan S, Henault LE, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with short-term interruption of warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:63-9.
88 Ghanbari H, Feldman D, Schmidt M, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation in patients with therapeutic international normalized ratios. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:400-6.
89 Halbritter KM, Wawer A, Beyer J, et al. Bridging anticoagulation for patients on long-term vitamin-K-antagonists. A prospective 1 year registry of 311 episodes. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:2823-5.
90 Jaffer AK, Ahmed M, Brotman DJ, et al. Low-molecular-weight-heparins as periprocedural anticoagulation for patients on long-term warfarina therapy: a standardized bridging therapy protocol. J Thromb Thrombol 2005;20:11-6.
91 Jaffer AK, Brotman DJ, Bash LD, et al. Variations in perioperative warfarina management: outcomes and practice patterns at nine hospitals. Am J Med
2010;123:141-50.
92 Kovacs MJ, Kearon C, Rodger M, et al. Single-arm study of bridging therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin for patients at risk of arterial embolism who require temporary interruption of warfarin. Circulation 2004;110:1658-63.
93 Malato A, Saccullo G, Lo Coco L, et al. Patients requiring interruption of longterm oral anticoagulant therapy: the use of fixed sub-therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:107-13.
94 Marquie C, De Geeter G, Klug D, et al. Post-operative use of heparin increases morbidity of pacemaker implantation. Europace 2006;8:283-7.
95 McBane RD, Wysokinski WE, Daniels PR, et al. Periprocedural anticoagulation management of patients with venous thromboembolism. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:442-8.
96 O’Donnell MJ, Kearon C, Johnson J, et al. Brief communication: preoperative anticoagulant activity after bridging low-molecularweight
heparin for temporary interruption of warfarin. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:184-7.
97 Pengo V, Cucchini U, Denas G, et al. Standardized low-molecularweight heparin bridging regimen in outpatients on oral anticoagulants undergoing invasive procedure or surgery: an inception cohort management study. Circulation 2009;119:2920-7.
98 Robinson M, Healey JS, Eikelboom J, et al. Postoperative lowmolecular-weight heparin bridging is associated with an increase in wound hematoma following surgery for pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:378-82.
99 Spyropoulos AC, Jenkins P, Bornikova L. A disease management protocol for outpatient perioperative bridge therapy with enoxaparin in patients requiring temporary interruption of long-term oral anticoagulation. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:649-58.
100 Spyropoulos AC, Frost FJ, Hurley JS, et al. Costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2004;125:1642-50.
101 Spyropoulos AC, Turpie AGG, Dunn AS, et al. Clinical outcomes with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants: the REGIMEN registry. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1246-52.
102 Spyropoulos AC, Turpie AGG, Dunn AS, et al. Perioperative bridging therapy with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves on long-term oral anticoagulants (from the REGIMEN registry). Am J Cardiol 2008;102:883-9.
103 Tinmouth AH, Morrow BH, Cruickshank MK, et al. Dalteparin as periprocedure anticoagulation for patients on warfarin and at high risk of thrombosis. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:669-74.
104 Tischenko A, Gula LJ, Yee R, et al. Implantation of cardiac rhythm devices without interruption of oral anticoagulation compared with perioperative bridging with low-molecular weight heparin. Am Heart J 2009;158:252-6.
105 Tompkins C, Cheng A, Dalal D, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy and heparin “bridging” significantly increase the risk of bleeding complications after pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2376-82.
106 Varkarakis IM, Rais-Bahrami S, Allaf ME, et al. Laparoscopic renal-adrenal surgery in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. J Urol 2005;174:1020-3; discussion 23.
107 Wazni OM, Beheiry S, Fahmy T, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with therapeutic international normalized ratio: comparison of strategies of anticoagulation management in the periprocedural period. Circulation 2007;116:2531-4.
108 Wilson SJA, Morgan J, Gray L, et al. A model for perioperative outpatient management of anticoagulation in high-risk patients: an evaluation of effectiveness and safety. Can J Ho sp Pharm 2001;54:269-77.
109 Wysokinski WE, McBane RD, Daniels PR, et al. Periprocedural anticoagulation management of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:639-45.
110 Omran H, Bauersachs R, Rübenacker S, et al. The HAS-BLED score predicts bleedings during bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation. Results from the national multicentre BNK Online bRiDging REgistRy (BORDER). Thromb Haemost 2012;108:65-73.
111 Tafur AJ, McBane R, Wysokinski WE, et al. Predictors of major bleeding in peri-procedural anticoagulation management. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:261-7.
112 Tafur AJ, Wysokinski WE, McBane RD, et al. Cancer effect on periprocedural thromboembolism and bleeding in anticoagulated patients. Ann Oncol 2012;23:1998-2005.
113 Eijgenraam P, ten Cate H, Ten Cate-Hoek A. Safety and efficacy of bridging with low molecular weight heparins: a systematic review and partial metaanalysis. Curr Pharm Des 2013;19:4014-23.
114 Birnie DH, Healey JS, Wells GA, et al. Pacemaker or defibrillator surgery without interruption of anticoagulation. N Engl J Med 2013;368:2084-93.
115 Birnie DH, Healey JS, Essebag V. Management of anticoagulation around pacemaker and defibrillator surgery. Circulation 2014;129:2062-5.
116 Jamula E, Anderson J, Douketis JD. Safety of continuing warfarin therapy during cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2009;124:292-9.
117 Nematullah A, Alabousi A, Blanas N, et al. Dental surgery for patients on anticoagulant therapy with warfarin: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Can Dent Assoc 2009;75:41.
118 Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2369-429.
119 January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2014;130:2071-104.
120 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2014;129:2440-92.
121 Keeling D, Baglin T, Tait C, et al. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation with warfarin–fourth edition. Br J Haematol 2011;154:311-24.
122 Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Douketis J, et al. Periprocedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with warfarin: results from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) randomized trial. Circulation 2012;126:343-8.
123 Sherwood MW, Douketis JD, Patel MR, et al. Outcomes of temporary interruption of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: results from the rivaroxaban once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation 2014;129:1850-9.
124 Garcia D, Alexander JH, Wallentin L, et al. Management and clinical outcomes in patients treated with apixaban vs warfarin undergoing procedures. Blood 2014;124:3692-8.
125 Beyer-Westendorf J, Gelbricht V, Förster K, et al. Peri-interventional management of novel oral  anticoagulants in daily care: results from the prospective Dresden NOAC registry. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1888-96.
126 Schulman S, Carrier M, Lee AYY, et al. Perioperative management of dabigatran: a prospective cohort study. Circulation 2015; published online 12 May.
127 Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); McMaster University. Perioperative anticoagulant use (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban) for elective surgery (PAUSE). ClinicalTrials.gov. National Library of Medicine. NLM identifier: NCT02228798. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02228798?term=pause&rank=1.__
128 Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M, et al. EHRA practical guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2094-106.
129 Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Rowlingson JC, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine evidence-based guidelines (third edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:64-101.
130 Dentali F, Marchesi C, Pierfranceschi MG, et al. Safety of prothrombin complex concentrates for rapid anticoagulation reversal of vitamin K antagonists. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:429-38.
131 Nitzki-George D, Wozniak I, Caprini JA. Current state of knowledge on oral anticoagulant reversal using procoagulant factors. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:841-55.
132 Ebright J, Mousa SA. Oral anticoagulants and status of antidotes for the reversal of bleeding risk. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2015;21:105-14.
133 Sarode R, Milling TJ, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation 2013;128:1234-43.
134 Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 suppl):e152S-84S.
135 Lindahl TL, Baghaei F, Fagerberg Blixter I, et al. Effects of the oral, direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran on five common coagulation assays. Thromb Haemost 2011;105:371-8.
136 Liesenfeld K-H, Schäfer HG, Trocóniz IF, et al. Effects of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients: a population model analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:527-37.
137 Baglin T. The role of the laboratory in treatment with new oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:122-8.
138 Van Ryn J, Grottke O, Spronk H. Measurement of dabigatran in tandardly used clinical assays, whole blood viscoelastic coagulation, and thrombin generation assays. Clin Lab Med 2014;34:479-501.
139 Dale BJ, Ginsberg JS, Johnston M, et al. Comparison of the effects of apixaban and rivar oxaban on prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times using various reagents. J Thromb Haemost 2014:12:1810-5.
140 Hillarp A, Gustafsson KM, Faxälv L, et al. Effects of the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban on routine coagulation assays and anti-FXa assays. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1545-53.
141 Babilonia K, Trujillo T. The role of prothrombin complex concentrates I reversal of target specific anticoagulants. Thromb J 2014;12:8.
142 Lee FMH, Chan AKC, Lau KK, et al. Reversal of new, factor-specific oral anticoagulants by rFVIIa, prothrombin complex concentrate and activated prothrombin complex concentrate: a review of animal and human studies. Thromb Res 2014;133:705-13.
143 Siegal DM, Garcia DA, Crowther MA. How I treat target-specific oral anticoagulant-associated bleeding. Blood 2014;123:1152-8.
144 Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stähle H, et al. Influence of renal impairment  on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dabigatran etexilate. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010;49:259-68.
145 Khadzhynov D, Wagner F, Formella S, et al. Effective elimination of dabigatran by haemodialysis. A phase I single-centre study in patients with end-stage renal disease. Thromb Haemost 2013;109:596-605.
146 Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ, et al. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Nat Med 2013;19:446-51.
147 Schiele F, van Ryn J, Canada K, et al. A specific antidote for dabigatran functional and structural characterization. Blood 2013;121:3554-62.
148 Grottke O, van Ryn J, Spronk HM, et al. Prothrombin complex concentrates and a specific antidote to dabigatran are effective ex-vivo in reversing the effects of dabigatran in an anticoagulation/liver trauma experimental model. Crit Care 2014;18:R27.
149 Ansell JE, Bakhru SH, Laulicht BE, et al. Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2141-2.