¿Tiene esta mujer un embarazo ectópico?

1. Bouyer J, Coste J, Fernandez H, Pouly JL, Job-Spira N. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: a 10 year populationbased study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(12):3224-3230.
2. Brennan DF. Ectopic pregnancy: Part I, Clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(12):1081-1089.
3. Kirk E, Bourne T. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with ultrasound. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23(4):501-508.
4. Rojansky N, Schenker JG. Heterotopic pregnancy and assisted reproduction: an update. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1996;13(7):594-601.
5. Hoover KW, Tao G, Kent CK. Trends in the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(3):495-502.
6. Trabert B, Holt VL, Yu O, Van Den Eeden SK, Scholes D. Population-based ectopic pregnancy trends, 1993-2007. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(5):556-560.
7. Van Den Eeden SK, Shan J, Bruce C, Glasser M. Ectopic pregnancy rate and treatment utilization in a large managed care organization. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(5 pt 1):1052-1057.
8. Zane SB, Kieke BA Jr, Kendrick JS, Bruce C. Surveillance in a time of changing health care practices: estimating ectopic pregnancy incidence in the United States. Matern Child Health J. 2002;6(4):227-236.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ectopic pregnancy: United States, 1990-1992.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44(3):46-48.
10. Goldner TE, Lawson HW, Xia Z, Atrash HK.  Surveillance for ectopic pregnancy: United States, 1970-1989. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1993;42(6):73-85.
11. Chang J, Elam-Evans LD, Berg CJ, et al. Pregnancyrelated mortality surveillance: United States, 1991-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003;52(2):1-8.
12. Creanga AA, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Bish CL, Zane S, Berg CJ, Callaghan WM. Trends in ectopic pregnancy mortality in the United States: 1980-2007. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(4):837-843.
13. Barnhart KT. Clinical practice: ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(4):379-387.
14. Seeber BE, Barnhart KT. Suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(2 pt 1):399-413.
15. Banerjee S, Aslam N, Woelfer B, Lawrence A, Elson J, Jurkovic D. Expectant management of early pregnancies of unknown location: a prospective evaluation of methods to predict spontaneous resolution of pregnancy. BJOG. 2001;108(2):158-163.
16. Banerjee S, Aslam N, Zosmer N, Woelfer B, Jurkovic D. The expectant management of women with early pregnancy of unknown location. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;14(4):231-236.
17. Barnhart K, van Mello NM, Bourne T, et al. Pregnancy of unknown location: a consensus statement of nomenclature, definitions, and outcome. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):857-866.
18. Hahlin M, Thorburn J, Bryman I. The expectant management of early pregnancies of uncertain site. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(5):1223-1227.
19. Condous G, Lu C, Van Huffel SV, Timmerman D, Bourne T. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels in pregnancies of unknown location. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;86(3):351-357.
20. Kaplan BC, Dart RG, Moskos M, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: prospective study with improved diagnostic accuracy. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28(1):10-17.
21. Kirk E, Papageorghiou AT, Condous G, Tan L, Bora S, Bourne T. The diagnostic effectiveness of an initial transvaginal scan in detecting ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(11):2824-2828.
22. Stovall TG, Kellerman AL, Ling FW, Buster JE. Emergency department diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(10):1098-1103.
23. Backman T, Rauramo I, Huhtala S, Koskenvuo M. Pregnancy during the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(1):50-54.
24. Cartwright J, Duncan WC, Critchley HO, Horne AW. Serum biomarkers of tubal ectopic pregnancy: current candidates and future possibilities. Reproduction. 2009;138(1):9-22.
25. Furlong LA. Ectopic pregnancy risk when contraception fails: a review. J Reprod Med. 2002;47(11):881-885.
26. Shaw JL, Dey SK, Critchley HO, Horne AW. Current knowledge of the aetiology of human tubal ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(4):432-444.
27. Lozeau AM, Potter B. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(9):1707-1714.
28. Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 104(5 pt 1):975-981.
29. Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PF, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(1):50-55.
30. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Ectopic pregnancy: forget the “classic presentation” if you want to catch it sooner. J Fam Pract. 2006;55(5):388-395.
31. Cartwright PS. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1991;18(1):19-37.
32. Day A, Sawyer E, Mavrelos D, Tailor A, Helmy S, Jurkovic D. Use of serum progesterone measurements to reduce need for follow-up in women with pregnancies of unknown location. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33(6):704-710.
33. El Bishry G, Ganta S. The role of single serum progesterone measurement in conjunction with beta hCG in the management of suspected ectopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28(4):413-417.
34. Mol BW, Lijmer JG, Ankum WM, van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM. The accuracy of single serum progesterone measurement in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 1998;13 (11):3220-3227.
35. Stovall TG, Ling FW, Andersen RN, Buster JE. Improved sensitivity and specificity of a single measurement of serum progesterone over serial quantitative beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin in screening for ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(5):723-725.
36. Korhonen J, Stenman UH, Ylo¨ stalo P. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin dynamics during spontaneous resolution of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 1994;61(4):632-636.
37. Della-Giustina D, Denny M. Ectopic pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003;21(3):565-584.
38. Bastian LA, Piscitelli JT. Is this patient pregnant? can you reliably rule in or rule out early pregnancy by clinical examination? JAMA. 1997;278(7):586-591.
39. Huchon C, Panel P, Kayem G, et al. Is a standardized questionnaire useful for tubal rupture screening in patients with ectopic pregnancy? Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(1):24-30.
40. Buckley RG, King KJ, Disney JD, Gorman JD, Klausen JH. History and physical examination to estimate the risk of ectopic pregnancy: validation of a clinical prediction model. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(5):589-594.
41. Mol BW, Hajenius PJ, Engelsbel S, et al. Should patients who are suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy undergo physical examination? Fertil Steril. 1999;71(1):155-157.
42. Fernandez H, Gervaise A. Ectopic pregnancies after infertility treatment: modern diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. Hum Reprod Update. 2004;10(6):503-513.
43. Valenzano M, Anserini P, Remorgida V, Brasca A, Centonze A, Costantini S. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonographic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: clinical implications. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;31(1):8-11.
44. McRae A, Murray H, Edmonds M. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of emergency department targeted ultrasonography in the evaluation of firsttrimester pelvic pain and bleeding: a systematic review. CJEM. 2009;11(4):355-364.
45. Stein JC, Wang R, Adler N, et al. Emergency physician ultrasonography for evaluating patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(6):674-683.
46. Condous G, Kirk E, Lu C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of varying discriminatory zones for the prediction of ectopic pregnancy in women with a pregnancy of unknown location. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(7):770-775.
47. Barnhart K, Mennuti MT, Benjamin I, Jacobson S, Goodman D, Coutifaris C. Prompt diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in an emergency department setting. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(6):1010-1015.
48. Crochet JR, Peavey MC, Price TM, Behera MA. Spontaneous pregnancy reaches viability after low first trimester serum progesterone: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2012;57(3-4):171-174.
49. Simel DL, Keitz SA. Update: a primer on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination. In: Simel DL, Rennie D, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://www.jamaevidence com/content/3474113. Accessed February 18,2013.
50. Ankum WM, Van der Veen F, Hamerlynck JV, Lammes FB. Transvaginal sonography and human chorionic gonadotrophin measurements in suspected ectopic pregnancy: a detailed analysis of a diagnostic approach. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(8):1307-1311.
51. Buckley RG, King KJ, Disney JD, Ambroz PK, Gorman JD, Klausen JH. Derivation of a clinical prediction model for the emergency department diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(10):951-960.
52. Buckley RG, King KJ, Disney JD, Riffenburgh RH, Gorman JD, Klausen JH. Serum progesterone testing to predict ectopic pregnancy in symptomatic firsttrimester patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(2):95-100.
53. Chambers SE, Muir BB, Haddad NG. Ultrasound evaluation of ectopic pregnancy including correlation with human chorionic gonadotrophin levels. Br J Radiol. 1990;63(748):246-250.
54. Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy prior to surgery. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(5):1404-1409.
55. Dart R, Ramanujam P, Dart L. Progesterone as a predictor of ectopic pregnancy when the ultrasound is indeterminate. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20(7):575-579.
56. Florio P, Severi FM, Bocchi C, et al. Single serum activin a testing to predict ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1748-1753.
57. Moore C, Todd WM, O’Brien E, Lin H. Free fluid in Morison’s pouch on bedside ultrasound predicts need for operative intervention in suspected ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(8):755-758.
58. Norman RJ, Buck RH, Rom L, Joubert SM. Blood or urine measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin for detection of ectopic pregnancy? a comparative study of quantitative and qualitative methods in both fluids. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;71(3 pt 1):315-318.
59. Timor-Tritsch IE, Yeh MN, Peisner DB, Lesser KB, Slavik TA. The use of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161(1):157-161.
60. Wang R, Reynolds TA, West HH, et al. Use of a _-hCG discriminatory zone with bedside pelvic ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(1):12-20.
61. Simel DL, Samsa GP, Matchar DB. Likelihood ratios with confidence: sample size estimation for diagnostic test studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(8):763-770.
62. Brown DL, Doubilet PM. Transvaginal sonography for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: positivity criteria and performance characteristics. J Ultrasound Med. 1994;13(4):259-266.
63. Shalev E, Yarom I, Bustan M, Weiner E, Ben-Shlomo I. Transvaginal sonography as the ultimate diagnostic tool for the management of ectopic pregnancy: experience with 840 cases. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(1):62-65.
64. Durham B, Lane B, Burbridge L, Balasubramaniam S. Pelvic ultrasound performed by emergency physicians for the detection of ectopic pregnancy in complicated first-trimester pregnancies. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29(3):338-347.
65. Wong TW, Lau CC, Yeung A, Lo L, Tai CM. Efficacy of transabdominal ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of early pregnancy complications in an emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med. 1998;15(3):155-158.
66. Mateer JR, Valley VT, Aiman EJ, Phelan MB, Thoma ME, Kefer MP. Outcome analysis of a protocol  including bedside endovaginal sonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27(3):283-289.
67. Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, Gracia C, Hummel AC, Barnhart K. Human chorionic gonadotropin profile for women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(3):605-610.
68. Dart RG, Kaplan B, Varaklis K. Predictive value of history and physical examination in patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33(3):283-290.
69. Condous G, Kirk E, Lu C, et al. There is no role for uterine curettage in the contemporary diagnostic workup of women with a pregnancy of unknown location. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(10):2706-2710.
70. Doubilet PM, Benson CB. Further evidence against the reliability of the human chorionic gonadotropin discriminatory level. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30 (12):1637-1642.
71. Mehta TS, Levine D, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology. 1997;205(2):569-573.
72. Jaspan D, Giraldo-Isaza M, Dandolu V, Cohen AW. Compliance with methotrexate therapy for presumed ectopic pregnancy in an inner-city population. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(3):1122-1124.