Una nueva denominación para la IRA | 01 OCT 12

Lesión renal aguda

La lesión renal aguda más común en los países desarrollados entre pacientes hospitalizados y, en particular, enfermos críticos es la secundaria a factores prerrenales que sigue teniendo una mortalidad elevada.
Autor/a: Dres. Rinaldo Bellomo, John A Kellum, Claudio Ronco. Acute kidney injury Lancet 2012; 380: 756–66
INDICE:  1. Artículo | 2. Referencias
Referencias

Referencias

1 Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, and the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure—defi nition, outcome measures, animal models, fl uid therapy and information technology needs: the second international consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Group. Crit Care 2004; 8: R204–R12.
2 Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, and the Acute Kidney Injury Network. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31.
3 The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Working Group. Defi nition and classifi cation of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2012; suppl 2: 19–36.
4 Liangos O, Wald R, O’Bell JW, Price L, Pereira BJ, Jaber BL. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 43–51.
5 Hsu CY, McCullough CE, Fan D, Ordonez JD, Cherow GM, Go AS. Community-based incidence of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 208–12.
 6 Bagshaw SM, George C, Bellomo R, and the ANZICS Database Management Committee. Early acute kidney injury and sepsis: a multicentre evaluation. Crit Care 2008; 12: R47.
7 Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A, et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006; 10: R73.
8 Langenberg C, Bagshaw S, May CN, Bellomo R. The histopathology of septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Crit Care 2008;12: R38.
9 Bellomo R, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Ronco C. Pre-renal azotemia: a fl awed paradigm in critically ill septic patients? Contrib Nephrol 2007; 156: 1–9.
10 Macedo E, Mehta RL. Prerenal failure: from old concepts to new paradigms. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009; 15: 467–73.
11 Feehally J, Floege J, Savill J, Turner AN. Glomerular injury and glomerular response. In: Davison AM, ed. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 363–87.
12 Stoegeman CA, Kallenberg CGM. Pathogenesis of angiitis. In: Davison AM, ed. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 741–52.
13 Muirhead N. Update in nephrology. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 721–25.
14 Falk RJ, Jennette JC. ANCA disease: where is this fi eld heading? J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 745–52.
15 Chung SA, Seo P. Microscopic polyangiitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010; 36: 545–58.
16 Glassock RJ. The pathogenesis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a 50-year odyssey. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 157–67.
17 Lightstone L. Lupus nephritis: where are we now? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010; 22: 252–56.
18 Heyman SN, Rosenberger C, Rosen S. Experimental ischemia-reperfusion: biases and myths-the proximal vs. distal hypoxic tubular injury debate revisited. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 9–16.
19 Heyman SN, Lieberthal W, Rogiers P, Bonventre JV. Animal models of acute tubular necrosis. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 526–34.
20 Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet 2005; 365: 417–30.
21 Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute kidney injury. Lancet 2008; 372: 1863–65.
22 Thuillier R, Favreau F, Celhay O, Macchi L, Milin S, Hauet T. Thrombin inhibition during kidney ischemia-reperfusion reduces chronic graft infl ammation and tubular atrophy. Transplantation 2010; 90: 612–21
23 Versteilen AM, Blaauw N, DiMaggio F, et al. Rho-kinase inhibition reduces early microvascular leukocyte accumulation in the rat kidney following ischemia-reperfusion injury: roles of nitric oxide and blood fl ow. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2011; 118: e79–e86.
24 Kwon O, Hong SM, Ramesh G. Diminished NO generation by injured endothelium and loss of macula densa nNOS may contribute to sustained acute kidney injury after ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296: F25–33.
25 Kato N, Yuzawa Y, Kosugi T, et al. The E-selectin ligand basigin/ CD147 is responsible for neutrophil recruitment in renal ischemia-reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1565–76.
26 Thurman JM. Triggers of infl ammation after renal ischemia/ reperfusion. Clin Immunol 2007; 123: 7–13.
27 Pulsken WP, Teske GJ, Butter LM, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 coordinates the innate immune response of the kidney to renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2008; 3: e3596.
28 Conger DJ. Vascular alterations in acute renal failure: roles of initiation and maintenance. In: Molitoris BA, Finn WF, eds. Acute renal failure: a companion to Brenner and Rector’s the kidney, 1st edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001: 13–29.
29 Saikumar P, Venkatachalam AM. Role of apoptosis in hypoxic/ ischemic damage in the kidney. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 511–21.
30 Zuk A, Bonventre JV, Brown D, Matilin KS. Polarity, integrin, and extracellular matrix dynamics in the post-ischemic rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: C711–31.
31 Li X, Hassoun HT, Santora R, Rabb H. Organ crosstalk: the role of the kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009; 15: 481–87.
32 Langenberg C, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R. Animal models of septic acute renal failure. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, eds. Critical care nephrology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 237–50.
33 Ishikawa K, May CN, Gobe G, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Pathophysiology of septic acute kidney injury: a diff erent view of tubular injury. Contrib Nephrol 2010; 165: 18–27.
34 Saotome T, Ishikawa K, May CN, Birchall IE, Bellomo R. The impact of experimental hypoperfusion on subsequent kidney function. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 533–40.
35 Doi K, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PS, Star RA. Animal models of sepsis and sepsis-induced kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 2868–78.
36 Prowle JR, Molan MP, Hornsey E, Bellomo R. Cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for the measurement of renal blood fl ow. Contrib Nephrol 2010; 165: 329–36.
37 Prowle JR, Ishikawa K, May CN, Bellomo R. Renal blood fl ow during acute renal failure in man. Blood Purif 2009; 28: 216–25.
38 Lameire NH, Vanholder RC. Acute renal failure: pathophysiology and prevention. In: Davison AM, ed. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 1445–64.
39 Haase M, Shaw A. Acute kidney injury and cardiopulmonary bypass: special situation or same old problem. Contrib Nephrol 2010;165: 33–38.
40 Alejandro V, Scandling JD Jr, Sibley RK, et al. Mechanisms of fi ltration failure during post-ischemic injury of the human kidney. A study of the reperfused renal allograft. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 820–31.
41 Ramchandra R, Wan L, Hood SG, Frithiof R, Bellomo R, May CN. Septic shock induces distinct changes in sympathetic nerve activity to the heart and kidney in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297: R1247–53.
42 Schrier RW, Wang W. Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 159–69.
43 Loutzenhiser R, Griffi n K, Williamson G, Bidani A. Renal autoregulation: new perspectives regarding the protective and regulatory roles of the underlying mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R1153–67.
44 Oliver JA, Verna EC. Aff erent mechanisms of sodium retention in cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 669–80.
45 Salerno F, Gerbes A, Gines P, Wong F, Arroyo V. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gut 2007; 56: 1310–18.
46 Wong F, Nadim MK, Kellum JA, et al. Working party proposal for a revised classifi cation system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2011; 60: 702–09.
47 Moreau R, Lebrec D. Acute kidney injury: new concepts. Nephron Physiol 2008; 109: 73–79.
48 Macedo E, Malhotra R, Claure-Del Granado R, Fedullo P, Mehta RL. Defining urine output criterion for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 509–15.
49 Platell C, Hall J, Dobb G. Impaired renal function due to raised intraabdominal pressure. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 328–29.
50 Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. Urine abnormalities in acute kidney injury and sepsis. Contrib Nephrol 2010; 165: 274–83.
51 Bagshaw SM, Gibney RT. Acute kidney injury: clinical value pf urine microscopy in acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009; 5: 185–86.
52 Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R. A systematic review of urinary fi ndings in experimental septic acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1592–98.
53 Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Urinary biochemistry and microscopy in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 695–705.
54 Bagshaw SM, Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bennett M, Devarajan P, Bellomo R. A prospective evaluation of urine microscopy in septic and non-septic acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; published online June 9. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfr331.
55 Grams ME, Astor BC, Bash LD, Matsushita K, Wang Y, Coresh J. Albuminuria and estimated glomerular fi ltration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 1757–64.
56 Ware LB, Johnson AC, Zager RA. Renal cortical albumin gene induction and urinary albumin excretion in response to acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300: F628–38.
57 Perazella MA, Coca SG, Hall IE, Iyanam U, Koraishy M, Parikh CR. Urine microsopy is associated with severity and worsening of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5: 402–08.
58 Firth JD. The clinical approach to the patient with acute renal failure. In: Davison AM, ed. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 1465–94.
59 Pannu N, Nadim MK. An overview of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (suppl): S216–23.
60 Bentley ML, Corwin HL, Dasta J. Drug-induced acute kidney injury in the critically ill adult: recognition and prevention strategies. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (suppl 6): S169–74.
61 McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1419–28.
62 Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson SG, Strasser R, Willenbrock R, Berg KJ. Nephrotoxicity in High-Risk Patients Study of Iso-Osmolar and Low-Osmolar Non-Ionic Contrast Media Study Investigators. Nephrotoxic eff ects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 491–99.
63 Solomon R. The role of osmolality in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review of angiographic contrast media in high risk patients. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 2256–63.
64 McCullough PA, Bertrand ME, Brinker JA, Stacul F. A meta-analysis of the renal safety of isosmolar iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 692–99.
65 Jo SH, Youn TJ, Koo BK, et al. Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insuffi ciency undergoing coronary angiography. The RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 924–30.
66 McCullough P. Radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury. Nephron Physiol 2008; 109: 61–72.
67 Bagshaw SM, McAlister FA, Manns BJ, Ghali WA. Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a case study of the pitfalls in the evolution of evidence. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 161–66.
68 Meier P, Ko DT, Tamura A, Tamhane U, Gurm HS. Sodium bicarbonate-based hydration prevents contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. BMC Med 2009; 7: 23–29.
69 ten Dam MA, Wetzels JF. Toxicity of contrast media: an update. Neth J Med 2008; 66: 416–22.
70 Brar SS, Shen AY, Jorgensen MB, et al. Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 1038–46.
71 Masuda M, Yamada T, Okuyama Y, et al. Sodium bicarbonate improves long-term clinical outcomes compared with sodium chloride in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing an emergent coronary procedure. Circ J 2008; 72: 1610–14.
72 Hoste EA, De Waele JJ, Gevaert SA, Uchino S, Kellum JA. Sodium bicarbonate for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 747–58.
73 Huber W, Ilgmann K, Page M, et al. Eff ect of theophylline on contrast material-nephropathy in patients with chronic renal insuffi ciency: controlled, randomized, double-blinded study. Radiology 2002; 223: 772–79.
74 Huber W, Schipek C, Ilgmann K, et al. Eff ectiveness of theophylline prophylaxis of renal impairment after coronary angiography in patients with chronic renal insuffi ciency. Am J Cardiol 2003;91: 1157–62.
75 Marenzi G, Marana I, Lauri G, et al. The prevention of radiocontrast-agent-induced nephropathy by hemofi ltration. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1333–40.
76 Spargias K, Alexopoulos E, Kyrzopoulos S, et al. Ascorbic acid prevents contrast-mediated nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Circulation 2004; 110: 2837–42.
77 Kandula P, Shah R, Singh N, Markwell SJ, Bhensdadia N, Navaneethan SD. Statins for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention. Nephrology 2010; 15: 165–70.
78 Ozhan H, Erden I, Ordu S, et al. Effi cacy of short-term high-dose atorvastatin for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Angiology 2010;61: 711–14.
79 Uchino S. Creatinine. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16: 562–67.
80 Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 62–72. 81 Brown JR, Block CA, Malenka DJ, O’Connor GT, Schoolwerth AC, Thompson CA. Sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 1116–24.
82 Devarajan P, Krawczeski CD, Nguyen MT, Kathman T, Wang Z, Parikh CR. Proteomic identifi cation of early biomarkers of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in children. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 632–42.
83 Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Mertens PR. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of acute renal disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18: 11–18.
84 Maisel AS, Katz N, Hillege HL, and the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus group. Biomarkers in kidney and heart disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 62–74.
85 Moore E, Bellomo R. Novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury: ready for clinical application? Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16: 523–25.
86 Moore E, Bellomo R, Nichol A. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in anesthesia, intensive care and major surgery: from the bench to clinical research to clinical practice. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76: 425–40.
87 Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115–22.
88 Ahlstrom A, Tallgren M, Peltonen S, Pettila V. Evolution and predictive power of serum cystatin C in acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol 2004; 62: 344–50.
89 Koyner JL, Bennett MR, Worcester EM, et al. Urinary cystatin C as an early biomarker of acute kidney injury following adult cardiothoracic surgery. Kidney Int 2008; 74: 1059–69.
90 Devarajan P. Review: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a troponin-like biomarker for human acute kidney injury. Nephrology 2010; 15: 419–28.
91 Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J, Sitniewska E, Malyszko JS, Dobrzycki S. Neutrophil-gelatinase- associated lipocalin and renal function after percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Nephrol2006; 26: 287–92.
92 Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, et al. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005; 365: 1231–38.
93 Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Schlattmann P, Haase-Fielitz A. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 1012–24.
94 Srisawat N, Wen X, Lee M, et al. Urinary biomarkers predict renal recovery in critically ill patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; published online July 14. DOI:10.2215/CJN.11261210.
95 Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A, et al. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1752–61.
96 Parikh CR, Garg AX. Testing new biomarkers for acute kidney injury: association, prediction, and intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 987–89.
97 Cruz DN, De Cal M, Garzotto F, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 444–51.
98 Bagshaw SM, Bennett M, Haase M, et al. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in septic vs. non-septic acute kidney injury in critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 452–61.
99 Nickolas TL, O’Rourke MJ, Yan J, et al. Sensitivity and specifi city of a single emergency department measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosing acute kidney injury. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 810–19.
100 Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL. Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16: 3046–52.
101 Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a urinary biomarker and much more. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 3265–68.
102 Han WK, Wagener G, Zhu Y, Wang S, Lee HT. Urinary biomarkers in the early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 873–82.
103 Doi K, Yuen PS, Eisner C, et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1217–21.
104 Waikar SS, Betensky RA, Bonventre JV. Creatinine as the gold standard for kidney injury biomarker studies? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 3263–65.
105 Dart AB, Mutter TC, Ruth CA. Taback SP. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fl uid therapies: eff ects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 1: CD007594.
106 Napolitano LM, Kurek S, Luchette FA, and the American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Practice Management Workgroup. Clinical practice guideline: red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and critical care. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 3124–57.
107 Liu YL, Prowle J, Licari E, Uchino S, Bellomo R. Changes in blood pressure before the development of nosocomial acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 504–11.
108 Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 2139–43.
109 Bagshaw SM, Delaney A, Haase M, Ghali WA, Bellomo R. Loop diuretics in the management of acute renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Resusc 2007; 9: 60–68.
110 Lin J, Bonventre JV. Prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy. Curr Opin Nehrol Hypertens 2005; 14: 105–10.
111 Bellomo R, Bonventre J, Macias W, Pinsky M. Management of early acute renal failure: focus on post-injury prevention. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 542–47.
112 Lewis J, Salem MM, Chertow GM, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in oliguric acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 767–74.
113 Fiaccadori E, Parenti E, Maggiore U. Nutritional support in acute kidney injury. J Nephrol 2008; 21: 645–56.
114 Prowle JR, Echeverri JE, Ligabo EV, Ronco C, Bellomo R. Fluid balance and acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6: 107–15.
115 Ortega R, Gines P, Uriz J, et al. Terlipressin therapy with and without albumin for patients with hepatorenal syndrome: results of a prospective, nonrandomized study. Hepatology 2002; 36: 941–48.
116 Sagi SV, Mittal S, Kasturi KS, Sood GK. Terlipressin therapy for reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 880–85.
117 Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A. Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2010; 5: 576–84.
118 House AA, Haapio M, Lassus J, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Therapeutic strategies for heart failure in cardiorenal syndromes. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 759–73.
119 Damman K, Navis G, Smilde TD, et al. Decreased cardiac output, venous congestion and the association with renal impairment in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 872–78.
120 Bagshaw SM, Cruz DN, Gibney RT, Ronco C. A proposed algorithm for initiation of renal replacement therapy in adult critically ill patients. Crit Care 2009; 13: 317.
121 Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R, et al. Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Timing of renal replacement therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury. J Crit Care 2009; 24: 129–40.
122 Bagshaw SM, Berthiaume LR, Delaney A, Bellomo R. Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 610–17.
123 Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Eff ect of diff erent doses in continuous veno-venous haemofi ltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356: 26–30.
124 VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 7–20.
125 RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009 36: 1627–38.
126 Bell M; SWING, Granath F, Schon S, Ekbom A, Martling CR. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with less chronic renal failure than intermittent haemodialysis after acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 773–80.
127 Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, and the Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators Writing Committee. Patient and kidney survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 281–92.
128 Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB, et al.Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1154–63.
129 Srisawat N, Lawsin L, Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Cost of acute renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: results from the beginning and ending supportive therapy for the kidney (BEST kidney) study. Crit Care 2010; 14: R46.
130 Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy: a worldwide practice survey. The beginning and ending supportive therapy for the kidney (BEST kidney) investigators. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1563–70.
131 Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, et al. Discontinuation of continuous renal replacement therapy: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med 2009;
37: 2576–82.
132 Bellomo R, Tetta C, Ronco C. Couple plasma fi ltration adsorption. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1222–28.
133 Novelli G, Morabito V, Pugliese F, et al. Management of sepsis during MARS treatment in acute on chronic liver failure. Transplant Proc 2011; 43: 1085–90.
134 Tumlin J, Wali R, Williams W, et al. Effi cacy and safety of renal tubule cell therapy for acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19: 1034–40.
135 Hobson CE, Yavas S, Segal MS, et al. Acute kidney injury is associated with increased long-term mortality after cardiothoracic surgery. Circulation 2009; 119: 2444–53.
136 Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Parikh CR. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 961–73.
137 Golestaneh L, Melamed DL, Hostetter TH. Uremic memory: the role of acute kidney injury in long-term outcomes. Kidney Int 2009; 76: 813–14.
138 Wald R, Quinn RR, Luo J, et al. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 2009; 302: 1179–85.
139 Waikar SS, Winkelmayer WC. Chronic on acute renal failure: long-term implications of severe acute kidney injury. JAMA 2009;302: 1227–29.
140 Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, et al. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kid Dis 2009; 53: 961–73.
141 Murugan R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury: what’s the prognosis? Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 7: 209–17. 

 

Comentarios

Para ver los comentarios de sus colegas o para expresar su opinión debe ingresar con su cuenta de IntraMed.

AAIP RNBD
Términos y condiciones de uso | Política de privacidad | Todos los derechos reservados | Copyright 1997-2024