Mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con shock séptico

Referencias

1. Kollef MH: Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: Getting it right up front. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47(Suppl 1):S3–13.
2. Dhainaut JF, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, et al: The clinical evaluation committee in a large multicenter phase 3 trial of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in patients with severe sepsis (PROWESS): Role, methodology, and results. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2291–2301.
3. Dupont H, Mentec H, Sollet JP, et al: Impact of appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy on the outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:355–362.
4. Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, et al: Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2742–2751.
5. Harbarth S, Garbino J, Pugin J, et al: Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis. Am J Med 2003; 115:529–535.
6. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al: The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 2000; 118:146–155.
7. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al: Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999;115:462–474.
8. Micek ST, Lloyd AE, Ritchie DJ, et al: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: Importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1306–1311.
9. Shorr AF, Micek ST, Welch EC, et al: Inappropriate antibiotic therapy in Gram-negative sepsis increases hospital length of stay. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:46–51.
10. Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, et al: Edusepsis Study Group: Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:861–866.
11. Arias CA, Murray BE: Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century–a clinical super-challenge. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:439–443.
12. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al: Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1–12.
13. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al: International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; Canadian Critical Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Japanese Association for Acute Medicine; Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Hospital Medicine; Surgical Infection Society; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and shock séptico: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:296–327.
14. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al: APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:818–829.
15. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1303–1310.
16. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al: Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:268–281.
17. Micek ST, Roubinian N, Heuring T, et al: Before-after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2707–2713.
18. Thiel SW, Asghar MF, Micek ST, et al: Hospital-wide impact of a standardized order set for the management of bacteremic severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:819–824.
19. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twelfth Informational Supplement. M100-S12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pennsylvania, 2002.
20. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Seventeenth Informational Supplement. M100-S17. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, 2007.
21. Zahar JR, Timsit JF, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al: Outcomes in severe sepsis and patients with septic shock: Pathogen species and infection sites are not associated with mortality. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1886–1895.
22. Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, et al: Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMSHOCKNET): Association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2066–2071.
23. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al: Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1589–1596.
24. Joo EJ, Kang CI, Ha YE, et al: Impact of inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy on outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A stratified analysis according to sites of infection. Infection 2011; 39: 309–318.
25. Le Berre R, Nguyen S, Nowak E, et al: Pyopneumagen Group: Relative contribution of three main virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2113–2120.
26. Hauser AR, Cobb E, Bodi M, et al: Type III protein secretion is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:521–528
27. Deleo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, et al: Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2010; 375: 1557–1568.
28. Cohen J: A role for the micro-organism in the outcome from infection? A principle challenged. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2001–2002.
29. Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al: Antibiotic choice may not explain poorer outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:340–347.
30. Rodriguez A, Lisboa T, Blot S, et al: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intensive Care Units (CAPUCI) Study Investigators: Mortality in ICU patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia: When antibiotics are not enough. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:430–438.
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Xigris [drotrecogin alfa (activated)]: Market Withdrawal - Failure to Show Survival Benefit. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm277143.htm . Accessed October 28, 2011.