Hemorroides

1. Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation: an epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:380-6.
2. Ohning GV, Machicado GA, Jensen DM. Definitive therapy for internal hemorrhoids — new opportunities and options. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2009; 9:16-26.
3. Baker H. Hemorrhoids. In: Longe JL, ed. Gale encyclopedia of medicine. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2006:1766-9.
4. Everhart JE, ed. The burden of digestive diseases in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Department of Health and Human Services, 2008 (http://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/strategic-plans-reports/Pages/burdendigestive-diseases-in-united-states-report.aspx).
5. Singer M. Hemorrhoids. In: Beck DE, Robert PL, Saclarides TJ, et al., eds. The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2011:175-202.
6. Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, Wexner SD. What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3201-9.
7. Riss S, Weiser FA, Schwameis K, et al. The prevalence of hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:215-20.
8. Ganz RA. The evaluation and treatment of hemorrhoids: a guide for the gastroenterologist. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:593-603.
9. Kann BR, Whitlow CB. Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and management. Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 6:6-11.
10. Hancock BD. Internal sphincter and the nature of haemorrhoids. Gut 1977; 18:651-5.
11. Milsom JW. Hemorrhoidal disease. In: Beck DE, Wexner SD, eds. Fundamentals of anorectal surgery. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1992:192-214.
12. Haas PA, Fox TA Jr, Haas GP. The pathogenesis of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27:442-50.
13. Altomare DF, Giuratrabocchetta S. Conservative and surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:513-21
14. Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, La Torre F, et al. Red hot chili pepper and hemorrhoids: the explosion of a myth: results of a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:1018-23.
15. Kelly SM, Sanowski RA, Foutch PG, Bellapravalu S, Haynes WC. A prospective comparison of anoscopy and fiberendoscopy in detecting anal lesions. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8:658-60.
16. Cataldo P, Ellis CN, Gregorcyk S, et al. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised). Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48:189-94.
17. Haas PA, Haas GP, Schmaltz S, Fox TA Jr. The prevalence of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1983; 26:435-9.
18. Clinical Practice Committee, American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1461-2.
19. Bleday R, Breen E. Treatment of hemorrhoids. UpToDate, 2012 (http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-ofhemorrhoids).
20. Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:181-8.
21. Hackford AW, Lamb MN, Miller PE. Elective surgery for hemorrhoidal complaints: the decision to operate. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 2013; 24:1-85.
22. Madoff RD, Fleshman JW. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1463-73.
23. Cleator IGM, Cleator MM. Banding hemorrhoids using the O’Regan disposable bander. US Gastroenterol Rev 2005; 5: 69-73.
24. El Nakeeb AM, Fikry AA, Omar WH, et al. Rubber band ligation for 750 cases of symptomatic hemorrhoids out of 2200 cases. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6525-30.
25. Iyer VS, Shrier I, Gordon PH. Longterm outcome of rubber band ligation for symptomatic primary and recurrent internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:1364-70.
26. MacRae HM, McLeod RS. Comparison of hemorrhoidal treatments: a metaanalysis. Can J Surg 1997; 40:14-7.
27. Marques CF, Nahas SC, Nahas CS, Sobrado CW Jr, Habr-Gama A, Kiss DR. Early results of the treatment of internal hemorrhoid disease by infrared coagulation
and elastic banding: a prospective randomized cross-over trial. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10:312-7. [Erratum, Tech Coloproctol 2009; 13:103.]
28. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Devillé W, Meuwissen SG. A randomized controlled trial of rubber band ligation versus infra-red coagulation in the treatment of internal haemorrhoids. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12:535-9.
29. Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:1493-8.
30. Milone M, Maietta P, Leongito M, Pesce G, Salvatore G, Milone F. Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: is still the gold standard treatment? Updates Surg 2012; 64:191-4.
31. Russell MM, Ko CY. Management of hemorrhoids: mainstay of treatment remains diet modification and office-based procedures. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 16, 2012 (http://www.guideline.gov/expert/expert-commentary.aspx?id=37828).
32. Kwok SY, Chung CC, Tsui KK, Li MK. A double-blind, randomized trial comparing Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48:344-8.
33. Chung CC, Ha JP, Tai YP, Tsang WW, Li MK. Double-blind, randomized trial comparing Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy, bipolar scissors hemorrhoidectomy, and scissors excision: ligation technique. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45:789-94.
34. Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PH, Malthaner RA. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is associated with a higher long-term recurrence rate of internal hemorrhoids compared with conventional excisional hemorrhoid surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1297-305.
35. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (stapled hemorrhoidopexy). Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:878-92.
36. De la Garza M, Counihan TC. Complications of hemorrhoid surgery. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 2013; 24:96-102.
37. Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 2006; 93:909-20.
38. Rivadeneira DE, Steele SR, Ternent C, Chalasani S, Buie WD, Rafferty JL. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54:1059-64.
39. Altomare DF, Roveran A, Pecorella G, Gaj F, Stortini E. The treatment of hemorrhoids: guidelines of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10:181-6.