Estimulación permanente del nervio sacro para la incontinencia fecal

1. Perry S, Shaw C, McGrother C, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community. Gut. 2002;50:480-484.
2. Roberts RO, Jacobsen SJ, Reilly WT, Pemberton JH, Lieber MM, Talley NJ. Prevalence of combined fecal and urinary incontinence: a community-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:837-841.
3. Cheetham MJ, Kenefick NJ, Kamm MA. Non-surgical management of faecal incontinence. Hosp Med. 2001;62:538-541.
4. Baig MK, Wexner SD. Factors predictive of outcome after surgery for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1316-1330.
5. Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet. 2000; 355:260-265.
6. Chapman AE, Geerdes B, Hewett P, et al. Systematic review of dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2002;89: 138-153.
7. Mundy L, Merlin TL, Maddern GJ, Hiller JE. Systematic review of safety and effectiveness of an artificial bowel sphincter for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2004; 91:665-672.
8. Jarrett ME, Mowatt G, Glazener CM, et al. Systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation. Br J Surg. 2004;91: 1559-1569.
9. Tanagho EA, Schmidt RA, Orvis BR. Neural stimulation for control of voiding dysfunction: a preliminary report in 22 patients with serious neuropathic voiding disorders. J Urol. 1989;142:340-345.
10. Matzel KE, Stadelmaier U, Hohenfellner M, Gall FP. Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence. Lancet. 1995;346:1124-1127.
11. Rosen HR, Urbarz C, Holzer B, Novi G, Schiessel R. Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:536-541.
12. Uludag O, Koch SM, van Gemert WG, Dejong CH, Baeten CG. Sacral neuromodulation in patients with fecal incontinence: a single-center study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1350-1357.
13. Jarrett ME, Varma JS, Duthie GS, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in the UK. Br J Surg. 2004;91:755-761.
14. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Turner IC, Nicholls RJ, Woloszko J. Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence. Gut. 1999;44:407-412.
15. Ganio E, Luc AR, Clerico G, Trompetto M. Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of fecal incontinence: a novel approach for intractable fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:619-631.
16. Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA. Laser doppler measurement of rectal mucosal blood flow. Gut. 1999;45:64-69.
17. Hetzer FH, Hahnloser D, Knoblauch Y, Lohlein F, Demartines N. New screening technique for sacral nerve stimulation under local anaesthesia. Tech Coloproctol. 2005;9:25-28.
18. Spinelli M, Giardiello G, Gerber M, Arduini A, van den Hombergh U, Malaguti S. New sacral neuromodulation lead for percutaneous implantation using local anesthesia: de